2011.10.15.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BEVEZETÉS A FUNKCIONÁLIS NEUROBIOLÓGIÁBA INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONAL NEUROBIOLOGY www.itk.ppke.hu By Imre Kalló Contributed by: Tamás Freund, Zsolt Liposits, Zoltán Nusser, László Acsády, Szabolcs Káli, József Haller, Zsófia Maglóczky, Nórbert Hájos, Emilia Madarász, György Karmos, Miklós Palkovits, Anita Kamondi, Lóránd Erőss, Róbert Gábriel, Zoltán Kisvárdai, Zoltán Vidnyánszky Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu Wake-sleep cycle Imre Kalló & György KarmosPázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology I. The circadian rhythm II. Physiological characteristics of the sleep stages III. Brain mechanisms responsible for the wake-sleep cycle IV. Sleep disturbance Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu Physiology of the wake-sleep cycle The circadian rhythm Physiological characteristics of the sleep stages Brain mechanisms responsible for the wake-sleepcycle Sleep disturbance Rhytmic functions of the living organisms: heart beat, respiration,brain waves,periods, reproductive cycle, migration cycle, etc. Internally or externally driven rhythms :circadian rhythm, lunar rhythm, seasonal rhythm Internal clock-driven, synchronisedrhythm (Zeitgeber) Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu Circadian fluctuations of human physiology oktatas1 CIRCADIAN RHYTHM Synchronising factor:light-dark cycle Circadianrule:diurnal animals: light intensity increase, wake/sleep ratio increasesnocturnal animals: light intensity increase, wake-sleep ratio decrease Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu Shift of the human circadian rhythm in isolated environment Circadian.jpg Activity cycle: 33,2 h Temperature cycle: 24,8 h Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu Activity rhythm of rats before and after SCN lesion Circadian2.jpg SCN lesion rat SCN 41f06 GLU: glutamate GRP: gastrin-releasing peptide AVP: arginine vasopressin VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide CAR: calterinin NPY: neuropeptide Y NA: noradrenaline 5HT: serotonin NUCLEUS SUPRACHIASMATICUS Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu Regulation of melatonin secretion in rat 41f11 Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu Physiology of the wake-sleep cycle The circadian rhythm Physiological characteristics of the sleep stages Brain mechanisms responsible for the wake-sleepcycle Sleep disturbance Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu Sleep stages on the EEG oktatas7 Stages of slow wave sleep: 1.stage: low amplitude, fast activity, with a few theta wave2-5% of sleeping time 2. stage: theta waves, 10-14 Hz sleeping spindles45-55% of sleeping time 3. stage: high amplitude theta and delta waves, 20-50% of waves >75 µV 5-10% of sleeping time 4. stage: high amplitude delta waves, 20% of waves >75 µV 15-20% of sleeping time Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu Operational pattern of thalamic „relay” cells in awake state and during slow-wave sleep Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu Stages of sleep during night sleep EEG.jpg Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 13 www.itk.ppke.hu Characteristics of NREM and REM sleep Figure 4 Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 14 www.itk.ppke.hu IS410A Typical sleep phases in the cat Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 15 www.itk.ppke.hu Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital (PGO) waves in REM sleep OktAbra20 Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 16 www.itk.ppke.hu Age-dependent characteristics of sleep cycles EEG2.jpg Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 17 www.itk.ppke.hu Age-dependent characteristics of sleep cycles EEG3.jpg Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 18 www.itk.ppke.hu Dream report-lengths during NREM and REM phases EEG4.jpg Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 19 www.itk.ppke.hu Proportion of sensory modalities in dream reports EEG5.jpg VISION = 100% Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 20 www.itk.ppke.hu Effect of deprivation of REM sleep OktAbra22 Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 21 www.itk.ppke.hu Active and inactive brain regions in REM sleep: results of PET studies 42f11 Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 22 www.itk.ppke.hu Physiology of the wake-sleep cycle The circadian rhythm Physiological characteristics of the sleep stages Brain mechanisms responsible for the wake-sleepcycle Sleep disturbance Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 23 www.itk.ppke.hu Theories of wake-sleep regulation Passive hypothesis–basic state is sleep –must find a waking center Active hypothesis–basik state is awake, which is inhibited –must find a sleeping center Chemical factors (adenosine, interleukin-1, TNF.) Center–theories Effect of sleep deprivation NREM 15-22 days REM 16 hours Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle EEG6.jpg 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 24 www.itk.ppke.hu EEG effects of brainstem transsections (Bremer 1935-37) ENCEPHALE ISOLÉ CERVEAU ISOLÉ Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 25 www.itk.ppke.hu Sleep evoked by low frequency stimulation of the thalamus Walter Hess Walter Rudolf Hess 1881-1973 EEG7.png Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 26 www.itk.ppke.hu Effect of brainstem lesions (Moruzzi and Magoun, 1949) lindsley Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 27 www.itk.ppke.hu Reticular activating system 10-12 Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 28 www.itk.ppke.hu Deep brain single cell activities during sleep phases EEG8.jpg Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 29 www.itk.ppke.hu Postulated mechanism of REM atonia EEG9.jpg Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 30 www.itk.ppke.hu Elements of the brainstem activating system Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 31 www.itk.ppke.hu Projections of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 32 www.itk.ppke.hu Projections of the orexin neurons Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 33 www.itk.ppke.hu Function of the neurons participating in the regulation Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 34 www.itk.ppke.hu http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v3/n5/images/nrn808-f5.gif Transmitter systems participating in the regulation Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 35 www.itk.ppke.hu Model of the wake-sleep regulation Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 36 www.itk.ppke.hu Physiology of the wake-sleep cycle The circadian rhythm Physiological characteristics of the sleep stages Brain mechanisms responsible for the wake-sleepcycle Sleep disturbance Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 37 www.itk.ppke.hu International classification of sleep disturbances OktAbra26 Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 38 www.itk.ppke.hu Effect of sleep pill deprivation sleep1.jpg Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 39 www.itk.ppke.hu Effect of travelling through several time zones sleep2.jpg Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 40 www.itk.ppke.hu Biological rhythms and the brainstem biological clocks Introduction to functional neurobiology: Wake-sleep cycle 2011.10.15. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 41 www.itk.ppke.hu Relationship between sleep and respiration BiolRhythms2.jpg OBSTRUKTIVE SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME OSAS Continuous Positive Airway Pressure CPAP