2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BIOMEDICAL IMAGING GAMMA CAMERA AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY(PET) www.itk.ppke.hu (Orvosbiológiai képalkotás) (Gamma kamera és Pozitronemissziós tomográfia(PET) ) GYÖRGY ERŐSS 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu camera2 X-ray source collimator filter Large confetti Large confetti filter scintillator Image intensifier CCD „camera” optics TechnicalBackground Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu AnatomyPhysiologyMetabolismMolecular X-Ray/CT US MRI Nuclear/PET Optical Increasing Disease Progression PET provides metabolic or functional information and may lead to detection of early onset of disease Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu .-ray & X-ray Production –what we image Gamma ray –high energy photon emitted from nucleus X-ray –high energy photon emitted by electron transition Nu4-10 NuclearMedicine Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu Nuclear Medicine Radionuclides • Tc99m 140.5 keV 6.03 hours • I-131 364,637 keV 8.06 days • I-123 159 keV 13.0 hours • I-125 35 keV 60.2 days • In-111 172, 247 keV 2.81 days • Th-201 ~70, 167 keV 3.044 days • Ga-67 93, 185, 300 keV 3.25 days Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu Nu6-01 Planar gamma camera Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu Gamma Camera -Image Formation • Lead collimator focuses photons (lens) • NaI crystal scintillates • PMTs detect scintillation • Position calculation PhotomultiplierTube Array PMT 44 PMT 31 PMT 52 PMT 51 PMT 40 PMT 24 PMT 5 PMT 25 PMT 41 PMT 42 PMT 43 PMT 30 PMT 13 PMT 12 PMT 29 PMT 28 PMT 27 PMT 26 PMT 6 PMT 7 PMT 8 PMT 9 PMT 10 PMT 11 PMT 53 PMT 45 PMT 55 PMT 50 PMT 39 PMT 4 PMT 46 PMT 32 PMT 14 PMT 54 PMT 49 PMT 38 PMT 23 PMT 33 PMT 15 PMT 47 PMT 48 PMT 37 PMT 3 PMT 22 PMT 34 PMT 16 PMT 35 PMT 36 PMT 21 PMT 2 PMT 18 PMT 17 PMT 19 PMT 20 PMT 1 Collimator Detector NaI Crystal Electronics PMT’s Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu Collimators Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu Type of collimators Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu Collimator: Resolution and Sensitivity Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu Scintillatormaterial Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 13 www.itk.ppke.hu Nu6-18 Nu6-19 Detectorsystem Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 14 www.itk.ppke.hu Photon Multiplier Tube(PMT) Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 15 www.itk.ppke.hu SPECT_Iteration Image reconstruction: backprojection with iteration Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 16 www.itk.ppke.hu Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) Gamma Camera 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 17 www.itk.ppke.hu Gamma Camera -spatial resolution Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 18 www.itk.ppke.hu SPECTimagingisperformedbyusingagammacameratoacquiremultiple2-Dimages(alsocalledprojections),frommultipleangles.Acomputeristhenusedtoapplyatomographicreconstructionalgorithmtothemultipleprojections,yieldinga3-Ddataset. SPECT_Theory Single PhotonEmission Computed Tomography Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 19 www.itk.ppke.hu Cardiac Typical SPECT cameras Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 20 www.itk.ppke.hu Positron emission and annihilation fig1_small Positron Emission Tomograph Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 21 www.itk.ppke.hu Isotope half-life (min) Maximum positron energy (MeV) Positron range in water (FWHM in mm) Production method 11C 20.3 0.96 1.1 cyclotron 13N 9.97 1.19 1.4 cyclotron 15O 2.03 1.70 1.5 cyclotron 18F 109.8 0.64 1.0 cyclotron 68Ga 67.8 1.89 1.7 generator 82Rb 1.26 3.15 1.7 generator http://depts.washington.edu/nucmed/IRL/pet_intro/intro_src/section2.html PET isotopes Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 22 www.itk.ppke.hu Radionuclide ImagingRadiochemistry •Radioactivity is the means by which we measure the concentration of something • metabolicin vivo. • What would we want to measure? Location of drugs, receptors, proteins, genes… Oxygen O2metabolism Fluorodeoxyglucose Glucose metabolism Water Perfusion FESP D2 receptor Ammonia Perfusion FMISO Hypoxia Carbon monoxide Blood volume FCZ Beta-AR Common PET tracers Different Radio-pharmaceuticals provide information ondifferent metabolicprocesses Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 23 www.itk.ppke.hu How is a PET image formed? glucose fdg 1. Patient is injected with radio-pharmaceutical (usually FDG) 2. Wait for uptake (usually ~60 minutes)• FDG taken up by cells that metabolize glucose Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 24 www.itk.ppke.hu How is a PET image formed? 3.Radioactive isotope emits positrons• Collide with and “Annihilate” an electron • Two 511 keVphotons emitted 180 degrees apart 4. Millions of Coincidence pairs recorded to form image More annihilation (coincidences) –more intensive image 511 keV 511 keV C11RacloprideBP Positron Emission Tomography Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 25 www.itk.ppke.hu fig5 Coincidence events in PET Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 26 www.itk.ppke.hu PET 2D and 3D Acquisition Modes Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 27 www.itk.ppke.hu pixelar_ausgeschnitten Pixelated-continuous PIXELAR technology: • individual scintillating crystals • optically continuous lightguide • closely packed PMTs Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 28 www.itk.ppke.hu Typical PET image Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 29 www.itk.ppke.hu Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 30 www.itk.ppke.hu Small Patient Large Patient Attenuation correction => density from external source=> CT scan SPECT_AC Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 31 www.itk.ppke.hu ALLEGRO 1MRI Machine_small mx8000 Kopie Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 32 www.itk.ppke.hu Clinical Need •Assessment of metabolic activity • Structural detail • Localization Resulting in increased diagnostic confidence PETbyitselfprovidesusefulinformationonfunctional/metabolicactivity,butlimiteddetailonanatomicstructuresandlocation CTbyitselfprovidesexcellentanatomicaldetail,butlimitedfunctional/metabolicinformation PET/CTcombinesmetabolicandanatomicinformationinonedataset,inoneepisodeofcare Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 33 www.itk.ppke.hu prec-beauty1 SPECT-CT Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 34 www.itk.ppke.hu A coincidence event is assigned to a line of response Time-of-Flightinformation is used in the data reconstruction to more accurately localize the origin of the annihilation Latest Generation PET –Time of Flight(TOF) Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 35 www.itk.ppke.hu Scintillator PMTs Detector Electronics Recon Stopping Power & Timing Resolution Timing & Uniformity Resolution, light collection, & encoding Speed, accuracy & calibration Algorithm design & processing speed TrueFlight Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 36 www.itk.ppke.hu Annihilation LOR t1 t2 without TOF with TOF t2-t1 Concept of Time of Flight PET Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 37 www.itk.ppke.hu Clinical Benefits I Exceptional Image Quality Dose Image Quality Scan Time Image courtesy of J Karp, University of Pennsylvania Image courtesy of University Hospitals, Cleveland MIP How can your observers benefit from reduced noise and higher sensitivity? Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 38 www.itk.ppke.hu Faster Scan Times •11.3 mCi/ 418 MBqFDG • 9 minute PET acquisition • 76 kg / 168 lb Patient How can your observersbenefit from reduced noise and higher sensitivity? Dose Image Quality Scan Time MIP Clinical Benefits II Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 39 www.itk.ppke.hu Lower Doses Dose Image Quality Scan Time stomach1 stomach1 • 4.8 mCi/ 176 MBqFDG • 14 minute PET acquisition How can your customers benefit from reduced noise and higher sensitivity? Clinical Benefits III Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 40 www.itk.ppke.hu geminigxl_brain_evalAlzheimers_chus_1 geminitf_alzheimersbrain_uhc0 TrueFlight Non-TF Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 41 www.itk.ppke.hu PET intheneuroimaging: Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) Before fMRItechnology PET scanning was the preferred method of functional brain imaging(basic motor,sensory processesandcomplexcognitiveprocesses). The images generated by PET represent physiological parameters, such as the rate of glucose uptake or the rate of blood flow, which are inferred from the distribution of positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. Radiotracers: -ligandsfor specific neuroreceptorsubtypes such as [11C] racloprideand [18F] fallypridefor dopamine D2/D3 receptors, [11C]McN5652 and [11C]DASB for serotonin transporters, or enzyme substrates (e.g. 6-FDOPA for the AADC enzyme). -These agents permit the visualization of neuroreceptorpools in the context of a plurality of neuropsychiatric and neurologic illnesses. 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 42 www.itk.ppke.hu PET intheneuroimaging: Biomedical Imaging: Gamma camera and Positron Emission Tomography(PET) Activationexperiment: increases in local synaptic activity generate increases in local glucose uptake and blood flow. H215O autoradiographictechnique:the short half-life of 15O permitting both successive measurements of cerebral blood flow in a single session and the acquisition of experimental and control images with the same subject . Tracer kineticslimitation: temporal resolution of PET is several orders of magnitude slower than the neuronal events of interest. Temporalresolutionimprovement: experimental designs -Task repetition -repetitive performance within the period of time in which a single measurement is taken -repeated blocks of tasks.