2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BIOMEDICAL IMAGING INTRODUCTION AND X-RAY www.itk.ppke.hu (Orvosbiológiai képalkotás) (Bevezetés és röntgenismereti alapok) GYÖRGY ERŐSS, ZOLTÁN VIDNYÁNSZKY 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 The electromagneticspectrum: • a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength • electromagneticenergypassesthroughspaceatthespeedoflightintheformofsinusoidalwaves www.itk.ppke.hu Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray electromagneticSpectrum.jpg Importantwavesinthemedicalimagingtechnics: X-rays are very energetic, and are used in X-ray machines to take pictures of bonesetc. Gamma rays are the most energetic light waves found on the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays are used in radiation cancer therapy and some kinds of diagnostic imaging such as PET scans. 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 Main interactions with matter: • X-ray: Excitation and ejection of core atomic electrons, Compton scattering (for low atomic numbers) • Gammarays: Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements, Compton scattering (for all atomic numbers), excitation of atomic nuclei, including dissociation of nuclei www.itk.ppke.hu Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 Biological Imaging vs. The Eye Biological imaging can: • watch processes too rapid to be perceived • see objects too small for the eyes to see • seeradiationstoofaintfortheeyeorthattheeyeisnotsensitiveto • seeinsidelivingobjects Eye BiologicalImaging Spatialresolution ~0.1mm ~1 nm Temporalresolution ~100 ms ~20 ms Sensitivity ~100photons ~1 photon Wavelengthrange 400 –700nm 10-13–1 m www.itk.ppke.hu Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 Ideal Biological Imaging Technique • 1 nm spatial resolution • 1 ms temporal resolution • no ionizing radiation • endogenous source of contrast • in vivo –no restraint or anesthesia • shows structure and function • see everywhere inside the body • low cost • ease of use www.itk.ppke.hu Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 CNS1 m Systems10 cm Maps1 cm Networks1 mm Neurons100 µm Synapses1 µm Molecules1 nm NervousSystem PositronEmissionTomography(PET) ElectronMicroscopy(EM) LightMicroscopy Autoradiography MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI) www.itk.ppke.hu Spatial Scales in the Central Nervous System Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 160017001800190019502000 firstmicroscopeJensen brothers(1590) limiting resolutionof lightmicroscope, Abbeand Zeiss (1886) laserscanningconfocalmicroscope, Aslund(1987) firstelectronmicroscopeKnoll& Ruska(1932) firstcommercialTEMSiemens (1939) RoentgendiscoversX-rays(1895) Becquerel discoversradioactivity(1896) descriptionof nuclearinduction, Bloch (1946) MRILauterbur(1973) patent forconfocalimaging, Minsky(1957) firstautoradiogramsLacassagne(1924) discoveryof positronsAnderson (1932) PET scannerPhelps& Hoffman (1974) brainautoradiographySokoloff& Kety(1955) History of Imaging Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 8 mm1.25 pixel/cm 7 mm1.43 pixel/cm 6 mm1.67 pixel/cm 5 mm2 pixel/cm = 1 lp/cm 4 mm2.5 pixel/cm 3 mm3.33 pixel/cm 2 mm5 pixel/cm 1 mm10 pixel/cm 0 mm PET SPECT CT MR RAD CR CR-Mammo DiDi Fluoro Resolution of different imaging modalities Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 Abdom_SPECT SPECT CT SPECT-CT SPECT-low resolution functional image CT –high resolution anatomical image Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 Classification of Different Imaging Methods External signal: • Ultrasound • Conventional X-ray:• Radiography • Fluoroscopy • Digital X-ray:• Computed Radiography • Direct Digital systems • CT: Computed Tomography • MR(I): Magnetic Resonance Imaging Internal signal: • Thermography (-), etc. • Nuclear Medicine• SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography • PET: Positron Emission Tomography Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Wilhelm Roentgen Germanphysicist March27, 1845 -February10, 1923 AccidentallydiscoveredX rayswhileexperimentingwithcathoderaysemittedfroma Crookestube, winning the 1901 Nobel Prize in physics for this accomplishment feny041 Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 13 X-ray_Tube XRAYPRO01 Structure of an x-ray tube with rotating anode Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 14 X-rays Ball Bearing STRATON 04 Special structureof highperformance x-raytube for CTs Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray exposure variation 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 15 Radiography xtube Cassette front Cassette back Foam padding Screen support Screen support Fluorescent coating Fluorescent coating X-ray film Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 16 MaterialEffective Atomic Number Density (g/cm3) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Water7.421.0 Muscle7.461.0 Fat5.920.91 Air7.640.00129 Calcium20.01.55 Iodine53.04.94 Barium56.03.5 Object penetration Receptor Image X-ray image contrast HighLow Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 17 bod X-ray source collimator X-ray film 2D oscillating grid filter Large confetti Large confetti filter X-ray generator Control, UI AEC X-ray beam penetration Object penetration Reduces CONTRAST Body penetration Reduces DOSE Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 18 bod distance bod Large confetti Large confetti Large confetti Large confetti Magnification and edge-contrast Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 19 Filteringof x-ray Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 20 BuckyDiag Typical multipurpose radiography equipment Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 21 Fluoroscopy bod klinos Video signal X-raysource collimator filter Large confetti Large confetti filter scintillator Image intensifier CCD „camera” optics Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 22 DuoDiag Typical fluoroscopy equipment Tube in TOP position Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 23 Tube DOWN bod Video signal X-ray source collimator filter Large confetti Large confetti filter scintillator Image intensifier CCD „camera” optics Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 24 010404-09-km Tube in BOTTOM position Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 25 1 sec Intermittent Fluoroscopy (1/sec) 240 msec, 3 mA Pulsed Fluoroscopy (12.5/sec) 40 msec,3 mA Continous Fluoroscopy 75 % dose reduction 50 % dose reduction A „dose reduction” technique Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 26 031201-01-lp Surgery Special mobile fluoroscopy equipment Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 27 patient13-0000 patient13_2-0000 3dra vessel analysis 4 3 D imaging Simple measurement RotationalAngiography Digital SubtractiveAngiography(DSA) Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 28 IMG_0611 High performance fluoroscopy equipment for angiography (Monoplane) Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 29 010-11 High performance fluoroscopy equipment for angiography (Bi-plane) Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 30 Computed Radiography stimphos1 Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 31 Compano PCR_cassette Typical phosphor-plate reader and cassettes Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 32 Direct Digital Radiography dirrec introdig1b Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 33 DigitalDiagnost_compact General purpose direct digital radiography system Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 34 allura fd10 Direct Digital DSA with Flat-detector Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 35 Flat detector 020910-21_klein Detection Layer Refresh light Photodiode Array Direct digital x-ray detector for high performance and high speed fluoroscopy, angiography Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 36 Trailing Ramping Grid Switchprinciple Imaging pulse Conventional pulsed fluoroscopy Time Grid Switch Time Switching Tube Current Radiation by High Tension Cables mA Imaging pulse mA Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 37 Filters out low-energy non-contributing X-rays, reducing patient dose: SpectraBeamfiltration 5070 90 110 20 60 100 X-ray Photon Energy(kV) Patient Dose Reduction (%) 40 80 0.5 mm Cu-eq MRC 0.2 mm Cu-eq MRC Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 38 Image qualityand dose management IQ1 500 2000 IQ2 1000 2000 X-ray tube power Detector Dose Patient Dose IQ1 1000 1000 Conventional X-ray tube MRC X-ray tube –0.2mm Cu MRC X-ray tube –0.5mm Cu Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray 2011.10.04.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 39 Image quality and dose management 0.25 2 6 10 Detector Dose[µGY/s] 0.2 mm Cu-eq MRC 0.5 mm Cu-eq MRC No Cu-eq Conventional 0.5 0.75 1 Same -50% Image quality 30cm water Patient Dose[cGY/min] Biomedical Imaging: Introduction and X-ray