1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLICUNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK Peter PazmanyCatholicUniversity Facultyof InformationTechnology www.itk.ppke.hu (Az ideg-és izom-rendszerelektrofiziológiai vizsgálómódszerei) RICHÁRD CSERCSA, ISTVÁN ULBERTand GYÖRGY KARMOS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMS LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION (Bevezetés) ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) 3 AIMS OF THE COURSE: In this course the students will become familiar with the topic of electrophysiology, the major recording techniques, and the relationships among the fields of bioelectromagnetism. They will see examples of electrophysiological techniquesand devices used inneuroscience research and in every day’s clinical practice. www.itk.ppke.hu ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) 4 LECTURES OF THE COURSE: 1. Introduction 2. History of electrophysiology 3. Membrane properties, resting potential 4. Action potential 5. Properties and characteristics of electrodes 6. Methods of intra-and extra-cellular microrecording 7. Electroencephalography 8. Event-related potentials 9. Processes responsible for the generation of brain bioelectric signals 10. Magnetoencephalography 11. Electromyography 12. Methods for analysingthe bioelectric signals www.itk.ppke.hu • Definition of electrophysiology • Bioelectric signals • Bioelectromagnetism • Psychophysiology • Body area network • Review questions INTRODUCTION ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 5 ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) 6 DEFINITION: Electrophysiology (from Greek ........, elektron, "amber“; ....., physis, "nature, origin"; and -....., -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons(and glia), and particularly action potential activity. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology) www.itk.ppke.hu Science Direct:>120 neurosciencejournals e.g. „Journal of NeuroscienceMethods” „ClinicalNeurophysiology” Google: 1 750000 matchesfor„electrophysiology” Wikipedia: Category: Electrophysiology: 91pages +Cardiacelectrophysiology: 116pages ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY ON THE INTERNET ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 7 Membrane Potential (MP): voltage difference measured between the interior and exterior of a cell (see lecture 3) Action Potential (AP): a rapid rise and fall in membrane potential, with a defined shape. Brief all-or-none regenerative process that propagatesacross an axon or muscle fiber (see lecture 4) Single neuron activity (SUA): action potentials of a given cell (see lecture 6)intracellular unit activity: measured inside the cell extracellular unit activity: measured outside the cell Multiunit activity (MUA): action potentials of multiple cells (always measured outside the cell) (see lecture 6) BIOELECTRIC SIGNALS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu eckert-5-21 8 Electroencephalogram (EEG): summated electrical.activity of large number of neurons of the brain measured by electrodes on the scalp (see lecture 7) Electrocorticogram(ECoG): summated electricalactivity of large number of neurons of the brainmeasured on the surface of the neocortex (see lecture 7) Magnetoencephalogram(MEG): magnetic activity of the brain (see lecture 10) BIOELECTRIC SIGNALS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu C:\Documents and Settings\gkarmos\Desktop\TAMOPfilek\fej.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\gkarmos\Desktop\TAMOPfilek\fej.jpg http://www.positscience.com/sites/default/files/images/imagecache/ig_thumbnail/brain-4.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\gkarmos\Desktop\TAMOPfilek\fej.jpg 9 Event-related potential (ERP): electrical response of the brain to an internal or external stimulus, or event with a defined shape (see lecture 8) Evoked potential (EP): response of the brain to an external stimulus Visual (VEP): response of the brain to a visual stimulus Auditory (AEP): response of the brain to an auditory stimulus Somatosensory (SEP): response of the brain to a somatosensory stimulus Optical imaging: brain (electrical) activity measured with optical devices Voltage sensitive dyes (VSD): dyes that change their color due to change in voltage BIOELECTRIC SIGNALS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 10 Electromyogram (EMG): electrical activity of muscles(seelecture11)– Surface EMG (SEMG): measured onthesurfaceof theskin – Single Fiber EMG (SFEM): measured in the muscle – Motor Unit Action Potential (MUAP): the action potential of one motor neuron Electroneurogram(ENG): collective name of compound action potentials recorded from peripheral motor or sensory nerves Electroretinogram(ERG): electrical activity of the retina Electrooculogram(EOG): measureof eletricalsignalscreatedbythemovementoftheeyes, measuredbyelectrodesplacedontheskinaroundthem Electrodermalactivity (EDA)/ galvanicskinresponse(GSR): a change in the ability of the skin to conduct electricity BIOELECTRIC SIGNALS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 11 Electrocardiogram (ECG): electrical activity of the heart– High frequency ECG (HFECG): additional information in the150-250 Hz band –His-Bundle Electrogram(HBE): intracardiac electrogram from near the right atrioventricularvalve – Right AtrialElectrogram(RAE): electrical activity of the right atrium – Right Ventricular Electrogram(RVE): electrical activity of the right ventricle –Vectorcardiogram(VCG): magnitude and direction of the electrical currents of the heart in the form of a vector loop Magnetocardiogram(MCG): magneticactivityof theheart BIOELECTRIC SIGNALS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 12 BIOELECTROMAGNETISM ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu BIOELECTRICITY BIOELECTROMAGNETISM BIOMAGNETISM MEASUREMENT OF FIELDS Electric field from bioelectric source Magnetic field from bioelectric source Magnetic field from magnetic material STIMULATION Electric stimulation with electric field Electrotherapy Electric stimulation with magnetic field Magnetoelectrotherapy Magnetization of material Magnetotherapy MEASUREMENT OF INTRINSIC PROPERTIES Electric measurement of electric impedance Magnetic measurement of electric impedance Magnetic measurement of magnetic susceptibility MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCITY 13 Psychophysiology is the study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. Independentvariable: psychological, dependentvariable: physiological. Systemic psychophysiology (underlying physiological systems): • central nervous system variables, • cardiovascular system variables. Thematic psychophysiology (topical areas of research): • cognitive psychophysiology, • affective psychophysiology • developmental psychophysiology, • social psychophysiology, • clinical psychophysiology. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 14 IN THE LAB OF A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIST ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 15 FUTUREOF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY WIRELESSBODY AREA NETWORK ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu (www.imec.be) 16 WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) The Body AreaNetwork (BAN)comprises a series of miniature sensor/actuatornodes, eachof which has its own energy supply, consisting ofstorage and scavenging devices,and is also able tocommunicate with other sensor nodes or with a central nodeworn on the body. The central node communicates with theoutside world byusing a standard telecommunicationinfrastructure such as wireless local area and cellular phonenetworks.The network can deliver services to the person usingthe BAN. These services can include the management ofchronic disease, medicaldiagnostics, home-monitoring,biometrics, and sports and fitness tracking. http://www.imec.be/ScientificReport/SR2007/html/1384156.html www.itk.ppke.hu 17 1743-0003-2-6-1-l Jovanovet al.2005 1743-0003-2-6-5-l Activity sensor on an ankle with symbolic representation ofacceleration components. 1743-0003-2-6-6-l Jovanovet al.: A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineeringand Rehabilitation 2005, 2:6 doi:10.1186/1743-0003-2-6open access STEP DETECTION USING ANKLE SENSORS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 18 Teloswireless platform with intelligentsignal processingdaughtercard(ISPM) •What is the topic of electrophysiology? • What signals are used in electrophysiology? • What are the fields of bioelectromagnetism? • What is psychophysiology? • What is a body area network? REVIEW QUESTIONS ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 19 Stern, R.M., Ray,W.J., Quigley, K.S.: PsychophysiologicalRecording, 2nded. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 20001, pp.282. Cacioppo, J.T., Tassinary, L.C., Berntson, G.G.: Handbookof Psychophysiology, 2nded. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2000. pp. 1039 Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessel, T.M.: Principlesof NeuralScience, 4thed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000. Squire, L.R., Bloom, F.E., McConnell, S.K., Roberts, J.L., Spitzer, N.C., Zigmond, M.J.: FundamentalNeuroscience, 2nd. ed. AcademicPress, 2003. MalmivuoJ., Plonsey, R.: Bioelectromagnetism, http://www.bem.fi/book/index.htm1995 REFERENCES ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE NERVOUS-AND MUSCULAR-SYSTEMELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) www.itk.ppke.hu 20