8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY THE NEURON www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (IDEGSEJT) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL BODY PERIKARYAARE 10-100 MICROMETER WIDE IN DIAMETER THE NUCLEUS HAS A CENTRAL LOCATION AND CONTAINS 1-2 PROMINENT NUCLEOLI IN LIGHT MICROSCOPIC(LM) PREPARATIONS, THE NUC-LEUSHAS A PALE STAINING IN COMPARISON WITH THE CYTOPLASM. THE NUCLEOLUS SHOWS A STRONG BASOPHILIC STAINING THE CYTOPLASM AROUND THE NUCLEUS CONTAINS WELL-DEVELOPED ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SYSTEM UNITS CALLED NISSLBODIES. THE STRONG BASOPHILIAOF THE CYTOPLASM IS DUE TO ITS HIGH RIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENT FREE RIBOSOMES, RERAND GOLGICOMPLEXES TAKE PART IN THE PRODUCTION AND SORTING OF PROTEINS Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu LIGHT MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF THE PERIKARYON NISSL BODY NUCLEOLUS NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM A. SPINAL GANGION NEURON, HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN STAINING B. SPINAL MOTONEURON, TOLUIDINEBLUE STAINING. NOTE, THE PRESENCE OF THE STAIN IN THE PROXIMAL DENDRITES INDICATING RIBOSOMESAND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS A B Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NEURONAL CELL BODY NUCLEUS M NB G CYTOPLASM G NUCLEUS DISPLAYS HETERO-AND EUCHROMATIN. PROMINENT NUCLEAR MEMBRANE. CYTOPLASM CONTAINS GOLGI COMPLEX (G), MANY MITOCHONDRIA AND NISSL BODIES (NB). CELL MEMBRANE IS INDICATED BY BLUE ARROWS A NEIGHBORING CELL IS SHOWN BY A STAR BUNDLES OF DENDRITES, AXONS AND GLIAL PROCESSES ARE PRESENT IN THE VICINITY OF THE CELLS Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu HIGH POWER DETAIL OF NEURONAL ORGANELLES G RER RER T CLUSTERING MITOCHONDRIA (STAR) PROVIDE ENERGY FOR CELLULAR ACTIONS WITHIN THE ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER), BOTH THE FLATTENED CISTERNAEAND THE RIBOSOMES ARE VISIBLE THE GOLGI COMPLEX (G) IS ACTIVE. THE TRANS (T) AND CIS (C) FACES ARE DISTINGUISHABLE THE CRISTAE ARE OBVIOUS IN MOST MITOCHONDRIA C Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu STUDYING THE ION CHANNELS OF THE NEURAL MEMBRANEIN VITRO BY PATCH CLAMP ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY GLASS ELECTRODE WITH A TIP OF 1 MICROMETER IS FILLED WITH SPECIAL ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION THE SMOOTH ELECTRODE TIP IS PLACED ON THE CELL MEMBRANE UNDER MICROSCOPICCONTROL AND A SEAL IS MADE CHLORIDED SILVER ELECTRODE PICKS UP THE CURRENTS AND SENDS THEM TO THE AMPLIFIER ERWIN NEHER AND BERT SAKMANN DEVELOPED THE TECHNIQUE, THEY RECEIVED NOBEL PRIZE IN 1991. TYPES OF APPLICATION CELL ATTACHED WHOLE-CELL INSIDE-OUT OUTSIDE-OUT PERFORATED LOOSE Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu DENDRITES MOST NEURONS HAVE MULTIPLE DENDRITES THAT ARE CONTINUOUS WITH THE CYTOPLASM DENDRITES BRANCH NEAR THE PERIKARYON RESULTING IN PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY UNITS DENDRITES ESTABLISH THIN CYTOPLASMIC PROTRUSIONS CALLED DENDRITIC SPINES DENDRITIC SHAFTS AND SPINES RECEIVE MOST OF THE INCOMING INFORMATION, THEREFORE SYNAPSING AXON TERMINALS CAN BE FOUND ON THEIR SURFACES THE DENDRITIC TREE TAKES PART IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND REMODELING THEY CONTAIN MICROTUBULES, RER, POLYSOMES AND SPECIFIC mRNAs THEY ARE ENRICHED IN SPECIFIC PEPTIDE AND TRANSMITTER RECEPTORS THEIR PRIMARY ROLE IS TO INTEGRATE THE INCOMING INFORMATION FROM THOUSANDS OF AXONS Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu BRANCHING OF DENDRITES, DENDRITIC SPINES PERIKARYON PRIMARY DENDRITE SECONDARY DENDRITE TERTIARY DENDRITE DENDRITICSPINES LIGHT MICROSCOPIC IMAGE OF SILVER IMPREGNATED DENDRITES OF PYRAMIDAL NEURONS. NOTE THE ABUNDANCE OF SPINES 110 ELECTRON MICROGRAPH ILLUSTRATES THE NECKAND HEADOF A DENDRITIC SPINE. THE STRUCTURE IS COVERED BY AXON BOUTONS(ASTERISKS) Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu ULTRASTRUCTURE OF DENDRITIES THE PICTURE DEPICTS A CELLBODY-FREE REGION OF THE NEURAL TISSUE CALLED NEUROPIL IN THE NEUROPIL, LONGITUDINALLY-AND CROSS-SECTIONED DENDRITES OF DIFFERENT CALIBERS CAN BE REVEALED AT THIS POWER, MICROTUBULES AND MITOCHONDRIA ARE RECOGNIZABLE DENDRITICPROCESSES ARE LESS ELECTRON DENSE THAN AXONS (ARROWHEADS) DENSE, BAR LIKE THICKENINGS (ARROWS) INDICATE SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION SITES Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu PROPERTIES OF AXONS THE AXONICPROCESS APPEARS FIRST DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF NEURONS ITS INITIAL SEGMENT, THE AXON HILLOCK, HAS A HIGH DENSITY OF ION CHANNELS THE GENERATION OF ACTION POTENTIAL BEGINS AT THE AXON HILLOCK MICROTUBULES DISPLAY A UNIFORM POLARITY, THE PLUS ENDS OCCUR DISTALLY AXON COLLATERALS ARISE IN AN OBTUSE ANGEL, SIMILAR THICKNESS AXONS CARRY SPECIALIZED PRE-SYNAPTIC MACHINERIES FOR COMMUNICATION THEIR LENGTH DEPENDS ON THE SPECIES AND THE DISTANCE OF THE SERVICE SITE NEUROFILAMENT CONTENT ALLOWS THEIR DETECTION BY SILVER IMPREGNATION SEVERAL AXONS SHOW VARICOSITIES ALONG THEIR COURSE THEY BRANCH AT THEIR FINAL DESTINATION, PRE-TERMINAL ARBORIZATION Basics of Neurobiology: The neuron 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE AXON TERMINAL AXON MICROTUBULE NEUROFILAMENT MITOCHONDRION SYNAPTIC VESICLE POST-SYNAPTIC DENSITY DENDRITE THE AXON TERMINAL CONTAINS MICROTUBULES, NEUROFILAMENT BUNDLES, MITOCHONDRIA AND POOLS OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES ITS TERMINAL ENLARGEMENT IS CALLED BOUTON AGGREGATION OF SYNAPTIC VESICLES AT THE PRE- SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE IS INDICATIVE OF COMMUNICATION THE SYNAPTIC ENGAGEMENTS CAN BE REVEALED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY GROWING AXONS EXHIBIT CHARACTERISTIC GROWTH CONES