8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY NERVOUS TISSUE www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Idegszövet) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu MAIN CHARACTERISTICSNERVOUS TISSUE THE NERVOUSTISSUE RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT PROCESSES THE INCOMING DATA AND DISPATCHES EXECUTIVE COMMANDS THAT REGULATE THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY AND ADJUST THEM TO THE CHANGING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONDITIONS COMPOSED OF TWO MAJOR CELL TYPES: NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS NEURONS EXHIBIT PROCESSES (DENDRITES, AXONS) THAT ARE USED FOR NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION NEURONS ARE EXCITABLE CELLS THAT MAINTAIN A -70 mV RESTING POTENTIAL DUE TO THE UNEVENDISTRIBUTION OF K+, Na+AND Cl–IONSACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE. NERST EQUATION, GOLDMAN-HODGKIN-KATZ EQUATION INCREASE IN THE K+AND Na+ CONDUCTANCE EVOKES ACTION POTENTIAL THAT RESULTS IN ELECTRIC OR CHEMICAL SIGNALLINGAFFECTINGTHE MEMBRANE PROPERTIES OF THE SYNAPTICALLY COUPLED NEURONS. GLIAL CELLS EXIST IN STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL SYMBIOSIS WITH NEURONS Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu STRUCTURAL DOMAINS OF NEURONS CELL BODY (PERIKARYON) DENDRITIC PROCESS AXON PROCESS AXON COLLATERAL AXON TERMINAL Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal of cerebellar neurons (A) Purkinje cells. (B) Granule cells. NEURON RECONSTRUCTION 3D ORIENTATION Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu BASIC NEURON TYPES MULTIPOLAR NEURONS. MOST COMMON TYPE WITH AN EXTENDED, BRANCHING DENDRITIC TREE. MOTONEURONS OF THE SPINAL CORD BIPOLAR NEURONS. POSSESS A DENDRITIC PROCESS AND AN AXON, ORIGINATING FROM THE OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL. SENSORY NEURONS OF THE VESTIBULAR GANGLION PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR NEURONS. THE DENDRITE AND THE AXON ARISE FROM A COMMON STEM OF THE NEURON. SENSORY NEURONS OF THE SPINAL GANGLION Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu 1 2 4 3 6 1. DENDRITIC TREE. COLLECTION OF DENDRITES. EXTENSIVE BRANCHING. EXHIBITS DENDRITIC SPINES. RECEIVES AFFERENT AXON TERMINALS FROM OTHER NEURONS 2. CELL BODY. RICH IN CELL ORGANELLES. ENSURES PROTEIN PRODUCTION. ORGANIZES INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING 3. AXON HILLOCK.SITE FOR AXON ORIGIN. SHOWS HIGH DENSITY OF VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT SODIUM CHANNELS. ACTION POTENTIAL INITIATION 4. AXON COLLATERAL.BRANCH OF THE AXON PROCESS. TAKES PART IN LOCAL NEURONAL NETWORKS 5. AXON. EFFERENT PROCESS OF NEURON. PROPAGATES ACTION POTENTIALS. ENSURES TRANSPORT MECHANISMS 6. AXON TERMINAL. THE FINAL SEGMENT OF THE AXON SPLITTING INTO FINE-CALIBER PROCESSES THAT COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER ELEMENTS. RELEASES NEUROMESSENGERS 5 Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu A DIFFERENT PHENOTYPES AND CHEMOTYPES OF MULTIPOLAR NEURONS CHOLINERGIC MOTONEURON GLUTAMATERGIC PYRAMIDAL CELL GABAERGIC PURKINJE CELL Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu AXO-SPINOUS SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION sp at 1. DENDRITE FORMING DENDRITIC SPINES THAT RECEIVE TERMINATING AXONS 2. ULTRASTRUCTURAL SCHEME OF AN AXO-SPINOUS SYNAPSE 2. SYNAPSE (ARROW) FORMED BY AN AXON TERMINAL (at) ON A DENDRITIC SPINE (sp) Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu MAIN CELLULAR FUNCTIONS OF NEURONS 1. GENERATE INTRINSIC ACTIVITY 2. RECEIVE EXTRINSIC, SYNAPTIC INPUTS 3. INTEGRATE INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC SIGNALS 4. ENCODE THE PATTERN OF OUTPUT 5. DISTRIBUTE INFORMATION VIA SYNAPSES Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 MEASURING THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL: -90 mV THE ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE: THE SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP LEAKAGE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM THROUGH THE MEMBRANE CONTRIBUTION OF ION LEAKAGE AND THE SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP TO THERESTING POTENTIAL THE 3 PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL: RESTING, DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION STAGES CORRELATION OF ACTION POTENTIAL STAGES WITH THE OPERATION OF THE VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUMAND POTASSIUM CHANNELS www.itk.ppke.hu MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND ACTION POTENTIAL Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu CHARACTERISTICS OF NEURONAL NETWORKS DIVERGENT NEURONAL PATHWAY FOR WIDENING INFORMATION FLOW CONVERGENT NEURONAL PATHWAY FOR NARROWING INFORMATION FLOW FEEDBACK INHIBITION FEED FORWARD INHIBITION LATERAL INHIBITION Neural inhibition From Scholarpedia Peter Jonas and Gyorgy Buzsaki (2007), Scholarpedia, 2(9):3286. Basics of Neurobiology: Nervous tissue 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu NEURON DOCTRINE NEURONS ARE DOMINANT CONSTITUENTS OF THE NERVOUS TISSUE. THEY SERVE IN MULTIPLE CAPACITIES STRUCTURAL UNIT.NEURONS ARE INDIVIDUAL ENTITIES, TOTALLY COVERED BY CELL MEMBRANE, 15-20 nM WIDE INTERNEURONAL SPACE SEPARATES THEM DEVELOPMENTAL UNIT. NEURONS DEVELOP FROM SPHERICAL OR COLUMNAR NEUROEPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE NEURAL TUBE, NEURAL CREST AND THE PLACODE PLATES. DIFFERENTIATED, MATURE NEURONS DO NOT DIVIDE TROPHIC UNIT. THE CELL BODY PROVIDES THE GENETIC CODE AND THE DIVERSE BIOCHEMICAL MACHINERIES THAT MAINTAIN THE TROPHIC NEEDS OF THE LONG PROCESSES. NISSL BODIES ARE INDICATIVE OF THE ACTIVE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NEURONS FUNCTIONAL UNIT. THE INHIBITORY AND EXCITATORY CURRENTS SPREAD IN ALL DIRECTIONS IN THE NEURONAL MEMBRANE . ONCE THE ALL-OR-NONETYPE ACTION POTENTIAL IS GENERATED IT SPREADS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE AXON TERMINAL PATHOLOGICAL UNIT. NEURONS GIVE A DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO PATHOLOGICAL CAUSES HISTODYNAMIC POLARIZATION. THE PREFERRED WAY OF CONDUCTING INFORMATION IN THE AXON IS FROM THE DIRECTION OF THE CELL BODY TOWARD THE AXON TERMINAL