8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, azEurópai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter PazmanyCatholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY CELL ORGANELLES II. www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (SejtalkotókII.) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS SUBCELLULARSTRUCTURES OF THE ANIMAL CELLS CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM CELL NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM GOLGI APPARATUS TRANSPORT VESICLES LYSOSOMES MITOCHONDRION CYTOSKELETON CILIUM CENTRIOLUM www.itk.ppke.hu Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu GOLGI COMPLEX CONSISTS OF STACKED SAUCER-SHAPED FLATTENED CISTERNAE WEDGED BETWEEN THE NUCLEUS AND THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SYSTEM SEVERAL DOZENS OF GOLGI STACKS ARE DISPLAYED IN CELLS POSSESSES A CONVEX-CONCAVE 3D STRUCTURE THE CONVEX PART FACES THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SYSTEMS AND IT IS CALLED: CIS OR FORMING FACE THE CONCAVE SURFACE TURNS TOWARD THE NUCLEUS AND IT IS CALLED: TRANS OR MATURING FACE THE GOLGI COMPLEX COMMUNICATES VIA MEMBRANE BOUND VESICLES WITH THE REST OF THE CELL ORGANELLES, MOST NOTABLY WITH THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu GOLGI COMPLEX TRANSFER VESICLES BUDDING OFF THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM FUSE WITH THE CIS FACE AND TRANSPORT MACROMOLECULES FOR FURTHER PROCESSING THE PROCESS OF MACROMOLECULE MATURATION INVOLVES GLYCOSILATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION THE TAGGING OF MACROMOLECULES ENABLES THEIR SORTING FOR DOMESTIC USE, SECRETION FOR EXTERNAL UTILIZATION OR LOCAL DEGRADATION LIPOSOMAL VESICLES ARE ALSO BORN IN THE GOLGI COMPLEX PROTEOGLYCANS, COMPONENTS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, ORIGINATE FROM GOLGI COMPLEX ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS DISPLAYS THE CIS (1) AND TRANS(2) FACES AND SECRETORY VESICLES (3). 1 2 3 Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu TRANSPORT VESICLES VESICLES BUDDING OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX ARE DIFFERENT IS SIZE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, FINAL DESTINATION AND FUNCTION CLASSIFIED INTO THREE CATEGORIES: 1. SECRETORYVESICLES. STORING PROTEINS FOR EXTRACELLULAR USE. TRIGGERED BY RELEASE SIGNALS THEY MOVE TO AND FUSE WITH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE. THE RELEASE MECHANISM IS REGULATED 2. EXOCYTICVESICLES.CONSTITUTIVE SECRETION MAINTAINING A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF PROTEINS TO THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE BY EXOCYTOSIS 3. LYSOSOMALVESICLES. CHARACTERISTIC VESICLES CONTAINING PROTEINS AND DEGRADING ENZYMES, INCLUDING ACID HYDROLASE. THEY GET INCORPORATED INTO THE LYSOSOMALDIGESTIVE MACHINERY ULTRASTRUCTURALAPPEARANCE OF A LYSOSOMAL VESICLE AT HIGH POWER Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu LYSOSOME MEMBRANE-BOUND, SPHERICAL STRUCTURE, WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.1-1 MICROMETER CONTAINSSEVERAL KINDS OF DIGESTING ENZYMES INCLUDING LIPASE, NUCLEASE, PROTEASE, AMYLASE ITS INTERNAL MILIEU IS ACIDIC (pH: 4.8) WHICH IS MAINTAINED BY PUMPING H+IONS FROM THE CYTOPLASM VIA CHLORIDE ION CHANNELS AND PROTON PUMPS FUSION WITH ENDOSOMESRESULTS FIRST IN ENDOLYSOSOMESTHEN LYSOSOMES FUSION WITH INTRINSIC ORGANELLES RESULTS IN AUTOPHAGOLYSOSOMES FUSION WITH EXTRINSIC MICROORGANISMS RESULTS IN PHAGOLYSOSOMES AFTER DIGESTION, FROM LYSOSOMESRESIDUAL BODIES ARE FORMED, SOME ENZYMES GET RECYCLED Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu MITOCHONDRION MITOCHONDRIA ARE ELONGATED, DOUBLE MEMBRANE COMPOSED, TUBULAR STRUCTURES. THEY UNDERGO SELF REPLICATION THEY VARY IN NUMBER, SHAPE AND SIZE DEPENDING ONTHE CELL TYPE AND ITS METABOLIC ACTIVITY. THEIR LENGTH IS IN THE RANGE OF 0.5-10 MICROMETERS THE ORGANELLE IS COVERED BY THE OUTER MEMBRANE, THE INNER MEMBRANE IS FOLDED AND SENDS PROJECTING CRISTAE INTO THE ORGANELLES. THE TWOMEMBRANES SURROUND INTERMEMBRANOUSSPACE THE CAVITY OF THE MITOCHONDRION IS FILLED WITH THE MATRIX SUBSTANCE. THE MATRIX CONTAINS A CIRCULAR DNA, RNA, RIBOSOMES AND A WIDE ARRAY OF ENZYMES THEY ARE CONSIDERED AS POWER PLANTS OF THE CELL PROVIDING ATP ASA SOURCE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY. OUTER MEMBRANE INNER MEMBRANE, CRISTA MATRIX Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles. II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu COMPARTMENT FUNCTIONS OUTER MEMBRANE TRANSPORT, FATTY ACID METABOLISM INTERMEMBRANOUS SPACE PROTON POOL INNER MEMBRANE OXYDATIVEPHOSPHORYLATION, ATP PRODUCTION MATRIX PYRUVATE AND FATTY ACID OXYDATION, KREBS CYCLE, STORAGE OF CALCIUM MITOCHONDRIAL COMPARTMENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu CYTOSKELETON NETWORK OF PROTEIN STRUCTURES FORMING AN INNER SKELETON FOR THE CELL SHOWS FUNCTION AND ACTIVITY DEPENDENT REMODELLING AND HIGH PLASTICITY COMPOSED OF MICROFILAMENTS, MICROTUBULES AND INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS MICROFILAMENTS. MADE OF ACTIN. FINE PROTEIN STRANDS (5 nm). EACH FILAMENT CONTAINS 2 TWISTED PROTEIN STRINGS. THEY BIND ATP. IN MUSCLE TISSUE, THEY INTERACT WITH MYOSIN THAT RESULTS IN CONTRACTION MICROTUBULES COMPOSED OF ALPHA AND BETA TUBULINS. THE UNITS POLYMERIZE TO BUILD UP THE HOLLOW TUBE. MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS (MAP) STABILIZE THE STRUCTURE. DYNEIN AND KYNESIN ATTACHMENT PROTEINS ACT AS MOTORS IN DELIVERY ALONG THE MICROTUBULES. ANTEROGRADEAND RETROGRADE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN NEU- RONS. VITAL STRUCTURE IN CELL DIVISION Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu CYTOSKELETON INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS. PROTEIN FILAMENTS WITH 10-12 nm DIAMETER. FORM A RELATIVELY STABLE, FIBROUS NETWORK IN CELLS. THE PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF THE INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTSSEEMS TO BE TISSUE SPECIFIC INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT LOCALIZATION cytokeratins epithelial cells desmin muscle (smooth and striated) glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytes neurofilament protein neurones nuclear lamin nucleus of all cells vimentin mesodermal tissues Basics of Neurobiology: Cell organelles.II. 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu CILIUM CILIUM IS A MEMBRANE COVERED, FINGER LIKE PROJECTION OF THE CYTOPLASM. IT HAS TWO TYPES: KINOCILIUM AND STEREOCILIUM. THE FORMER IS MOTILE. IN THE AIRWAYS, THEY SWIPE THE MUCOUS ON THE SURFACE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS THE DRAWING DEPICTS THE SUBCELLULAR STRUCTURE OF THE CILIUM. IT ORIGINATES FROM THE BASAL BODY CONTAINING 9 TRIPLETS OF PARALLEL MICROTUBULES. THE CROSS-SECTIONED PART SHOWS THE ARRANGEMENT OF MICROTUBULE DOUBLETS AND THE COUPLED PROTEINS IT IS COMPOSED OF 9 TRIPLETS OF MICROTUBULES. A PAIR OF CENTRIOLES FORMS THE CENTROSOME, LOCATED IN THE VICINITY OF THE NUCLEUS. THEY ORGANIZE THE GROWTH OF MICROTUBULES (ASTER) CENTRIOLE