8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY OLFACTORY SYSTEM www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Szaglórendszer) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu FEATURES OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM ODORANTS ARE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT ARE SENSED BY THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM. THEY PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT MEMBERS OF THE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY AND POTENTIAL HAZARDS THREATENING THE INDIVI-DUALS. SPECIES SPECIFIC ODORANTS, CALLED PHEROMONES, ARE LINKED WITH REPRODUCTION THE HUMAN BEING IS MICROSMATIC AND DEPENDS LESS ON THIS PARTICULAR CHEMICAL SENSE IN COMPARISON WITH DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES ODORANTS TRIGGER SPECIFIC G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS OF THE OLFAC-TORY EPITHELIUM CELLS. THE INFORMATION OF SMELL IS CONVEYED BY THE OLFACTORY NERVE TO THE OLFACTORY BULB FOR INITIAL PROCESSING THE OLFACTORY BULB PROJECTS VIA THE OLFACTORY TRACT TO HIGHER PRO-CESSING CENTERS LIKE THE PYRIFORM CORTEX AND THE AMYGDALA. THESE AREAS RELAY THE INFORMATION FURTHER TO THE ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX, HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS THESE CONNECTIONS ALLOW THE CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION OF SMELL AND PROCESSING ITS EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND MEMORY-RELATED COMPONENTS Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu GENERAL DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM PROCESSING OLFACTORY INFORMATION OLFACTORY RECEPTORS OLFACTORY BULB ODORANTS OLFACTORY NERVE UNCUS OLFACTORY TUBERCLE AMYGDALA ENTORHINAL CORTEX ORBITOFRONTAL CORTEX THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu THE OLFACTORY APPARATUS IN SITU PRIMARY SENSORY EPITHEL CELLS ARE EMBEDDED IN THE OLFACTORY MUCOSA SITUATED AT THE TOP OF THE NASAL CAVITY. THE CELLS POSSESS CILIA THAT CONTAIN ODORANT RECEPTORS. WATER SOLUBLE ODORANT SUBSTANCES ARE TAKEN THROUGH THE NASAL CAVITY DURING A SNIFF OR BREATHING (A)WHERE THEY BIND TO THEIR RECEPTORS. FIGURE B DEPICTS THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM IN SITU BRAIN OLFACTORY NERVES OLFACTORY BULB OLFACTORY TRACT B sniff SNIFF BREATHING IN BREATHING OUT A Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu THE STRUCTURE OF THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM THE SENSORY EPITHEL CELLS ARE BIPOLAR. THEIR PERIPHERAL POLES FORM OLFACTORY VESICLES THAT ARE DECORATED WITH CILIA. THE VESICLES WITH THE CILIA ARE EMBEDDED IN A MUCOUS FLUID PRODUCED BY SPECIAL GLANDS. THE SENSO-RY CELLS ARE SURROUNDED BY SUPPORTING EPITHEL CELLS. THE OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM HAS A REMARKABLE REGENERATIVE CAPACITY. THERE ARE ABOUT 25 MILLION CELLS ON EACH SIDE AND SURVIVE FOR TWO MONTHS. THE RENEWAL ORIGI-NATES FROM THE BASAL CELLS THAT SHOW HIGH MITOTIC ACTIVITY. THE AXON PROCESSES OF THE BIPOLAR CELLS GATHER INTO 20 BUNDLES ON EACH SIDE AND ENTER THE ANTERIOR CEREBRAL FOSSA OF THE SKULL THROUGH THE CRIBRIFORM PLATE. THEY TERMINATE IN THE OLFACTORY BULB. NOTE, THAT THE BULB HAS TOADAPT TOTHE CONTINUOUSLYINGROWINGAXONS Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu THE OLFACTORY RECEPTOR AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION NOBEL PRIZE WAS AWARDED TO R. AXEL AND L. BUCK IN 2004 FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE SEVEN TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN ODORANT RECEPTOR PROTEIN.BINDING OF THE LIGAND ACTIVATESG PROTEINS THAT IN TURN ACTIVA-TEADENYL CYCLASE III GENERATING cAMP. IT IS FOLLOWED BY THE OPENING OF SODIUM/CALCIUM CHANNELS. THE INFLOW OF CALCIUM OPENS CALCIUM-GATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS LEADING TO DEPOLARIZATION OF THE MEMBRANE OF CILIA benzal meoibpyr cAMP Ca2+ Cl- MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION membran Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu HISTOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY BULB lim2 MITRAL CELL LAYER INTERNAL GRANULE CELLS GLOMERULAR LAYER FIBERS OF OLFACTORY TRACT INTERNAL PLEXIFORM LAYER EXTERNAL PLEXIFORM LAYER Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu MAIN LAYERS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB CORONAL IMAGE OF THE MOUSE OLFACTORY BULB. BLUE-GLOMERULAR LAYER;RED-EXTERNAL PLEXIFORMAND MITRAL CELL LAYERS; GREEN-INTERNAL PLEXIFORMAND GRANULE CELL LAYERS. COURTESY OF VALLEY M. Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu NEURONAL NETWORKS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB AA.jpg OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM EXTERNAL PLEXIFORM LAYER MITRAL CELL LAYER CRIBRIFORM PLATE LAYER OF GLOMERULI NERVE FIBER LAYER GRANULE CELL LAYER TUFTED CELL PERIGLOMERULAR CELL MITRAL CELLS GRANULE CELL FIBERS OF OLFACTORY TRACT Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu CHARACTERISTICS OF OLFACTORY BULB NETWORKS THE BULB RECEIVES TWO KINDS OF AFFERENT INPUTS. THE OLFACTORY NERVES FROM OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM AND CENTRIFUGAL FIBERS FROM THE OLFACTORY TUBERCLE AND DIAGONAL BAND CONVEY INFORMATION. THESE SIGNALS AREEXCITATORY WITHIN THE BULB, OLFACTORY FIBERS ESTABLISH CONNECTIONS WITH DENDRITES OF MITRAL, TUFTED AND PERIGLOMERULAR CELLS. THESE STRUCTURES TOGETHER FORM THE CHARACTERISTIC COMPOSITIONS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB, THE GLOMERULI THE CENTRIFUGAL FIBERS COMMUNICATE MAINLY WITH THE INHIBITORY PERIGLOMERULAR AND THE GRANULE CELLS GRANULE CELLS HAVE NO DEFINITIVE AXONS. THEIR DENDRITES PICK UP THE INFORMATION FROM THE CENTRIFUGAL FIBERSANDESTABLISH CONNECTIONS WITH MITRAL CELL DENDRITES. THEY CONTRIBUTE TO LATERAL INHIBITION. THE INHIBITORY CELLS ARE REPLACED THROUGHOUT LIFE THE EFFERENT PROJECTIONS ARE SENT BY AXONS OF MITRAL AND TUFTED CELLS VIA THE OLFACTORY TRACT Basics of Neurobiology: Olfactory system 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu PROJECTIONS OF THE OLFACTORY BULB. PRIMARY OLFACTORY AREA Olfactory Tract OLFACTORY BULB OLFACTORY TRACT OLFACTORY STRIAE PRIMARY OLFACTORY AREA (PYRIFORM CORTEX) FROM THE OLFACTORY BULB, THE IN-FORMATION IS TAKEN VIA THE OLFAC-TORY TRACT AND OLFACTORY STRIAE TO HIGHER LEVEL PROCESSING CENTERS. THE LATERAL STRIA IS INTERCONNECTED WITH THE UNCUS, THE ENTORHINAL CORTEX AND THE LIMEN INSULAE. THESE STRUCTURES FORM THE PRIMARY OLFACTORY AREA WHICH IS PEAR-SHAPED IN RODENTS (PYRIFORM CORTEX). THE SYSTEM IS LINKED TO THE AMYGDALA AS WELL. THE CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION OF ODOR TAKES PLACE IN THE ORBITOFRONTAL AND CINGULATE CORTEX