8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY MOTOR SYSTEMS www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Motoros rendszerek) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOTOR SYSTEMS EXTRAFUSAL STRIATED MUSCLE FIBERS AND ALPHA MOTONEURONS THAT INNER-VATE THEM FORM THE MOTOR UNIT. THE SOMATO-MOTONEURONS ARE DISTRIBUTED IN THE BRAIN STEM AND THE SPINAL CORD. COLLECTIVELY, THEY ARE CALLED AS LOWER MOTONEURONS LOWER MOTONEURONS ARE CONTROLLED BY UPPER MOTONEURONS. THE TERM REFERS TO DESCENDING PATHWAYS (CORTICOSPINAL, RUBROSPINAL, TECTOSPINAL, VESTIBULOSPINAL, RETICULOSPINAL TRACTS) THAT REGULATE THE LOWER MOTO-NEURONS EITHER BY A DIRECT OR AN INTERNEURON-MEDIATED MANNER THE MAIN MOTOR SYSTEMS INCLUDE THE MOTOR CORTEX, THE CEREBELLAR MACHINERY AND THE BASAL GANGLIA. THE LATTER TWO SYSTEMS ARE CHANNELED TO THE FRONTAL MOTOR CORTEX VIA THE VENTRAL LATERAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS THE MAIN CORTICAL MOTOR SYSTEM USES THE CORTICOBULBAR AND CORTICO-SPINAL TRACTS FOR EXECUTION OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS. LESION OF THE UPPER MOTOR NEURON PATHWAYS RESULTS IN SPASTIC PARALYSIS, EXAGGERATED STRETCH REFLEX AND SOME ABNORMAL REFLEXES. CEREBELLAR DISORDERS CHANGE THE RATE, DIRECTION, RANGE AND FORCE OF MOVEMENTS. LESIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA ARE MANIFESTED IN DYSKINESIA Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu THE MOTOR CORTEX THE MOTOR CORTEX IS COMPRISED OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS, AS THE PRIMARY MOTOR CENTER, THE SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR CORTEX AND THE PREFRONTAL MOTOR CORTEX AND CERTAIN PARIETAL LOBE REGIONS. THE MUSCLE GROUPS OF THE BODY ARE REPRESENTED IN A SOMATOTOPIC FASHION IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX (MOTOR HOMUNCULUS) CUT THROUGH CENTRAL SULCUS PRECENTRAL GYRUS SUPPLEMETARY MOTOR CORTEX PREMOTOR CORTEX CUT THROUGH CENTRAL SULCUS 1b.gif NOTE THE LARGE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HAND AND THE TONGUE Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu THE CORTICOBULBAR AND CORTICOSPINAL PROJECTIONS THE DESCENDING CORTICOBULBARMOTOR FIBERS SUPPLY MOTONEURONS OF THE BRAIN STEM, WHILE THE CORTICOSPINALPROJECTION THAT SPLITS AT THE LEVEL OF THE MEDULLA FEEDS THE LOWER MOTONEURONS OF THE SPINAL CORD VIA THE LATERAL AND ANTE- RIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS. NOTETHE BILATERAL INNERVATION OF THE TRIGEMINAL MOTOR NUCLEUS IN THE PONS. THE CROSSING OF THE MAJORITY OF CORTICOSPINAL AXONS IN THE MEDULLA IS HIGHLIGHTED BY PINK SHADOW Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu COURSE OF THE DESCENDING PYRAMIDAL PATHWAY F INTERNAL CAPSULE SPINAL CORD MEDULLA MIDBRAIN PONS MEDULLA AT CROSSING SITE Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu CORTICOSPINAL PROJECTION WITHIN THE INTERNAL CAPSULE 399px-Gray684.png FIGURE A DEPICTS THE DOWNSTREAM COURSE OF CORTICOSPINAL FIBERS. NOTE THE CONVERGENCE (HIGHLIGHTED IN GREEN) TOWARD THE INTERNAL CAPSULE. FIGURE B ILLUSTRATES THE PYRAMIDAL TRACT IN THE GENU OF THE CAPSULE WEDGED BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR THALAMIC PROJECTIONS. THE OPTIC RADIATION IS SHOWN IN GREEN ANTERIOR THALAMIC PROJECTION POSTERIOR THALAMIC PROJECTION OPTIC RADIATION PYRAMIDAL TRACT A B Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS F ILLUSTRATION OF SOME DESCENDING UPPER MOTONEURON SYSTEMS PONTINE RETICULAR FORMATION LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT MEDULLARY RETICULAR FORMATION IN ADDITION TO PATHWAYS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE, THE SUPERIOR COLLICULI, THE NUCLEUS RUBER, THE INFERIOR OLIVE, NORADRENERGIC AND SEROTONERGIC CELLS GROUPS OF THE BRAIN STEM ALSO SEND PROJECTIONS TO THE CORD Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu NEURONAL LINKS AND LOCAL CIRCUITS OF THE STRIATUM THE PUTAMENPART OF THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM THE THALAMUS, CEREBRAL CORTEX, MESENCEPHALONAND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA. GLUTAMATE INPUTS FROM THE THALAMUS AND CORTEX ARE EXCITATORY, THE DOPAMINE INNERVATION FROM THE SUBS-TANTIA NIGRA IS SUPPOSED TO BE INHIBITORY. THE INPUTS ARE RECEIVED BY SPINY ENKE-PHALIN-AND SUBSTANCE P-ERGIC NEURONS. THEY TRANSMIT THE PROCESSED INFORMATION TO THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS(PALLIDUM) THAT IS THE MAIN EFFERENT STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM. IT SENDS PROJECTIONS TO THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA AND DIFFERENT NUCLEI OF THE THALAMUS. THE THALAMUS FEEDS THE INFORMATION BACK TO THE CORTEX ENKEPHALIN Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu ROLE OF THE STRIATUM IN THE MOTOR SYSTEM 4 8 5 1 1. CEREBRAL CORTEX2. PUTAMEN 3. PALLIDUM 4. SUBSTANTIA NIGRA5. SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS6. THALAMUS (VL) 7. THALAMUS (INTRALAMINAR)8. PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS NOTE, THAT THE INFORMATION PROCESSED IN THE STRIATUM IS TRANSMITTED TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. THE CORTEX INCORPORATES THE STRIATAL MESSAGE AND CONVEYS THE OUTGOING MOTOR INFORMATION VIA THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu ROLE OF CEREBELLUM IN CONTROL OF MOVEMENT 1 2 3 4 7 8 A B 10 9 1. CEREBRAL CORTEX2. PONTINE NUCLEI 3. INFERIOR OLIVE 4. THALAMUS (VL) 5. RED NUCLEUS 6. RETICULAR FORMATION7. VESTIBULAR NUCLEI 8. VESTIBULAR GANGLION 9. VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM 10. SPINOCEREBELLUM 11. NEOCEREBELLUM 5 6 I. CORTICOSPINALII. RUBROSPINAL III. RETICULOSPINALIV. VESTIBULOSPINAL II. III. IV. C A. GLOBOSE NUCLEUSB. FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS C. DENTATE NUCLEUS Basics of Neurobiology: Motor systems 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 INTEGRATION OF THE DIFFERENT MOTOR SYSTEMS www.itk.ppke.hu CORTEX MOTOR CORTEX STRIATUM THALAMUS VA/VL PONS S. NIGRA CEREBELLUM N. RUBER SPINAL CORD VESTIBULAR NUCLEI INF. OLIVE RETICULAR FORMATION LOWER MOTONEURON MUSCLE PALLIDUM