8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY DIVISIONS OF THE TELENCEPHALON www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Telencephalon felépítése) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu DEVELOPMENT OF THE TELENCEPHALON THE TELENCEPHALON AND THE DIENCEPHALON DERIVE FROM THE PROSEN-CEPHALIC VESICLE. THE TELENCEPHALIC VESICLES GROW LATERALLY AND ROSTRO-CAUDALLY. GRADUALLY THEY COVER AND HIDE MOST OF THE DIENCEPHALON AND THE ROSTRAL PART OF THE BRAIN STEM. THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, THE BASAL GANGLIA AND CONSTITUENTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM DERIVE FROM THEM PROSENCEPHALIC VESICLE RHOMBENCEPHALIC VESICLE MESENCEPHALIC VESICLE TELENCEPHALON DIENCEPHALON I. II. III. CA. IV. CEREBRAL CORTEX BASAL GANGLIA LIMBIC SYSTEM THALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS RETINA DIENCEPHALON TELENCEPHALON Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu LOBES AND GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM FROM A LATERAL VIEW THE FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL AND TEMPORAL LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM ARE VISIBLE. NOTE, THAT THE LOBES CONSIST OF CON-VOLUTED STRUCTURAL UNITS CALLED GYRI (ASTERISKS), THAT ARE SEPARATED BY GROOVES. BEHIND THE CEREBRUM THE CEREBELLUM IS SITUATED. THE BRAIN STEM IS REPRESENTED BY THE PONS AND MEDULLA CEREBELLUM CEREBRUM Frontal lobe Parietal lobe occipital lobe TEMPORAL LOBE Frontal lobe Parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu VENTRAL VIEW OF THE TELENCEPHALON THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE CEREBRUM IS DOMINATED BY THE FRONTAL AND TEMPORAL LOBES. THEY SURROUND THE HYPOTHALAMUS HIGHLIGHTED IN WHITE COLOR. THE TEMPORAL LOBE IS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE BRAIN STEM (YELLOW HIGHLIGHT) AND THE CEREBELLUM (PURPLE HIGHLIGHT). THE FISSURE (ARROW) BETWEEN THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES IS OBVIOUS TEMPORAL LOBE TEMPORAL LOBE FRONTALLOBE TEMPORAL LOBE Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu SCHEME OF THE MEDIAN SAGITTAL BRAIN SURFACE 1. FRONTAL LOBE 2. GYRUS CINGULI 3. CORPUS CALLOSUM 4. SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM 5. PARIETAL LOBE 6. OCCIPITAL LOBE 7. TEMPORAL LOBE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 diencephalon BRAIN STEM THE PICTURE DEPICTS THE MAIN CEREBRAL STRUCTURES OF THE MEDIAN SA- GITTAL BRAIN SURFACE. THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE COLOR CODED REGIONS IS SHOWN IN THE RIGHT PANEL Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu ASSOCIATION OF SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS WITH CORTICAL AREAS MOST NEURONAL FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY ARE REPRESENTED IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. COLOR CODED ARE THE PRIMARY MOTOR CENTRE IN THE FRONTAL,THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORYCENTER IN THE PARIETAL, THE VISUAL CENTER IN THE OCCIPITAL AND THE HEARING CENTER IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE. THE SENSORY, WERNICKE (W) AND THE MOTOR, BROCA (B) SPEECH FIELDS ARE ALSO INDICATED 48_27HumanCerebralCortex.jpg FRONTAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE OCCIPITAL LOBE TEMPORAL LOBE Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu SOME SIGNS OF DAMAGE TO THE SENSORY AND MOTOR SPEECH FIELDS DAMAGE TO BROCA'SAREA(BROCA'S APHASIA) DAMAGE TO WERNICKE'S AREA(WERNICKE'S APHASIA) PREVENTS A PERSON FROM PRODUCING SPEECH LOSS OF THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE PERSON CAN UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE PERSON CAN SPEAK CLEARLY, BUT THE WORDS THAT ARE PUT TOGETHER MAKE NO SENSE. THIS WAY OF SPEAKING HAS BEEN CALLED "WORD SALAD" BECAUSE IT APPEARS THAT THE WORDS ARE ALL MIXED UP LIKE THE VEGETABLES IN A SALAD WORDS ARE NOT PROPERLY FORMED SPEECH IS SLOW AND SLURRED. Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu FUNCTIONS RELATED TO THE FRONTAL CORTEX Attention Behavior Abstract thought Problem solving Creative thought Emotion Intellect Judgment Initiative Coordinated movements Generalized, mass movements Some eye movements Muscle movements Skilled movements Sense of smell Supplementary motor skills Physical reaction Sexual urges Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu BASAL GANGLIA AND THE INTERNAL CAPSULE F huco1680 1 2 3 4 5 6 CROSS SECTION OF THE CEREBRUM AT THE LEVEL OF THE OPTIC CHIASM SHOWS THAT IT CONTAINS A MASSIVE NUCLEAR COMPLEX, THE BASAL GANGLIA. IT IS COMPOSED, AT THIS LEVEL, OF THE HEAD OF THE CAUDATE NUCLE-US AND TWO UNITS OF THE LENTIFORM NUCLEUS, THE PUTAMEN AND THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS. THEY SURROUND THE ANTERIOR WING OF THE INTERNAL CAPSULE. ASTERISK: LATERAL VENTRICLE 1. N. CAUDATUS 2. PUTAMEN 3. GLOBUS PALLIDUS 4. DIENCEPHALON 5. CAPSULA INTERNA 6. CLAUSTRUM Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu THE BASAL GANGLIA AND THE INTERNAL CAPSULE HEAD OF CAUDATE NUCLEUS PUTAMEN GLOBUS PALLIDUS BODY OF CAUDATE NUCLEUS THALAMUS SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS THALAMUS CAUDATE HEAD LENTIFORM NUCLEUS GENU OF CAPSULA INTERNA POSTERIOR LIMB OF CAPSULA INTERNA ANTERIOR LIMB OF CAPSULA INTERNA A B FIGURE ADEPICTS THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS, THE LENTIFORM NUCLEUS AND THE THALAMUS. SCHEME B ILLUSTRATES THE INTERNAL CAPSULE IN A TRANSVERSE SECTION. THE DESCENDING MOTOR FIBERS OCCUPY THE GENU PART OF IT Basics of Neurobiology: Divisions of the telencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu OUTLINE OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM THE LIMBIC SYSTEM COMPRISES THE LIMBIC LOBE, HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, AMYGDALOID BODY AND THEIR WIDESPREAD CONNECTIONS. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROCESSES OF LEARNING, MEMORY, EMOTIONS AND REGULATION OF HOMEO-STASIS. DEVELOPMENTALLY, IT ARISES FROM THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN THE DIENCEPHALIC AND TELENCEPHALIC VESICLES 48_30LimbicSystem.jpg