8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY DIENCEPHALON www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Köztiagy) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu FEATURES OF THE DIENCEPHALON THE DIENCEPHALON IS IN THE ROSTRAL CONTINUATION OF THE BRAIN STEM. WITH THE EXCEPTION OF ITS VENTRAL PART, IT IS COVERED BY TELENCEPHALIC STRUC-TURES IT DEVELOPS FROM THE PROSENCEPHALIC VESICLE, ITS CAVITY IS THE THIRD CEREBRAL VENTRICLE THE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF THE DIENCEPHALON INCLUDE THE THALAMUS,HYPOTHALAMUS, METATHALAMUS, EPITHALAMUS AND SUBTHALAMUS THE THALAMUS AND THE BASAL TELENCEPHALIC NUCLEAR COMPLEX FORM A CLINICALLY IMPORTANT PASSAGEWAY FOR PROJECTING FIBERS, THE INTERNAL CAPSULE THALAMIC STRUCTURES ARE IN RECIPROCAL CONNECTION WITH THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, COMMUNICATE WITH MAJOR MOTOR AND SENSORY SYSTEMS AND THEY ARE LINKED WITH THE LIMBIC SYSTEM THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS AUTONOMIC CENTERS AND VIA THE PITUITARY IT ORCHESTRATES THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. IT SECRETSA WIDE SCALE OF HORMONES INTO THE SYSTEMIC AND PORTAL CIRCULATIONS Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu PARCELLATION OF THE DIENCEPHALON 1. COMMISSURA ANTERIOR 2. LAMINA TERMINALIS 3. CHIASMA OPTICUM 4. INFUNDIBULUM 5. CORPUS MAMILLARE 6. SULCUS HYPOTHALAMICUS 7. THALAMUS 8. EPITHALAMUS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 THE PICTURE DEPICTS THE DIENCEPHALON IN THE MID-SAGITTAL PLANE. THE THALAMUS IS HIGHLIGHTED IN RED, THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN GREEN COLOR Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu VIEW OF THE DIENCEPHALON ON THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE BRAIN FROM THE DIENCEPHALON ONLY THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS VISIBLE ON THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE BRAIN BEHIND THE OPTIC CHIASM CHO PS MB OT HYP ON N. III MES CHO: OPTIC CHIASM HYP: HYPOTHALAMUS MES: MESENCEPHALON MB: MAMILLARY BODY N. III: OCULOMOTOR NERVE ON: OPTIC NERVE OT: OPTIC TRACT PS: PITUITARY STALK Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu SCHEMATIC DEMONSTRATION OF THE MAIN DIENCEPHALIC UNITS F UPPERVIEW 1 1 4 1. THALAMUS 2. HYPOTHALAMUS 3. III. VENTRICLE 4. METATHALAMUS 5. EPITHALAMUS 1 1 4 4 POSTERIOR VIEW 1 1 2 2 3 CORONAL SEGMENT Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu DEMONSTRATION OF THE DIENCEPHALON IN CROSS SECTIONS (I-III) RETICULAR NUCLEUS ANTERIOR NUCLEUS VENTRALIS ANTERIOR NUC. MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS HYPOTHALAMUS LATERALIS POSTERIOR VENTRALIS POSTEROLATERALIS VENTRALIS POSTEROMEDIALIS MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS CENTRUM MEDIANUM PULVINAR MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY LATERAL GENICULATE BODY I. II. III. Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 DIFFERENT CELL GROUPS OF THE THALAMUS F ANTERIOR NUCLEAR GROUPanterodorsal nucleus anteromedial nucleus anteroventral nucleus MI DLINE NUCLEAR GROUP paratenial nucleus paraventricular nucle us of thalamus reuniens nucleus rhomboidal nucleus subfascicular nucleus ME DIAL DORSAL NUCLEUSparalaminar part of medial dorsal nucl eus magnocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus parvicellular part of medial dorsal nucleus densocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus INTRALAM INAR NUCLEAR GROUP ROSTRAL INTRALAMINAR NUCLEI central dorsal nucleus central lateral nucleus central medial nucleus paracentral nucleus centromedian nucleus parafascicular nucleus LATERAL NUCLEAR GROUPlateral dorsal nucleus lateral posterior nucleu s PULVINAR oral pulvinar nucleus lateral pulvinar nucle us medial pulvinar nucleus inferior pulvinar nucleus VENTRAL NUCLEAR GROUP VENTRAL ANTERIOR NUCLEUS parvicellular part of ventral anterior nucleus magnocellular part of ventral anterior nucleus VENTRAL LATERAL NUCLEUS oral part of ventral lateral nucleus caudal part of ventral lateral nucle us medial part of ventral lateral nucleus pars postrema of ventral lateral nucle us area X VENTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS VENTRAL POSTEROLATERAL NUCLEUSoral part of ventral posterolateral nucleus caudal part of ventral posterolateral nucle us VENTRAL POSTEROMEDIAL NUCLEUS principal part of ventral posteromedial nucle us parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucle us ventral posteroinferior nucleus GENICULATE BODIES LATERAL GENICULATE BODY dorsal lateral geniculate nuc leus ventral lateral geniculate MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY dorsal medial geniculate nucleus ventral medial geniculate nucleus magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus capsule of medial geniculate nucleus POSTERIOR NUCLEAR COMPLEXlimitans nucleus posterior nucleus of thalamus suprageniculate nucleus submedial nucleus thalamic reticular nu cleus Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu CONNECTIONS OF THALAMIC NUCLEI thalamus NUCLEUS INPUT OUTPUT MEDIODORSAL ENTORHINAL CORTEX, SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT PREFRONTAL CORTEX ANTERIOR MAMILLARYBODY CINGULATE CORTEX VA, VL DENTATE NUCLEUS GLOBUS PALLIDUS PRECENTRALGYRUS PREMOTOR AREA VPL, VPM SENSORY SYSTEMS (SPINAL, TRIGEMINAL) PARIETAL LOBE, POSTCENTRAL GYRUS CM RETICULAR FORMATION FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX LATERAL GENICULATE SUPERIORCOLLICULUS VISUAL CORTEX IN OCCIPITAL LOBE MEDIAL GENICULATE INFERIOR COLLICULUS AUDITORYCORTEX IN TEMPORAL LOBE Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu SCHEME OF HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI IN MID-SAGITTAL SECTION POSTERIOR PITUITARY HYPOTHALAMUS S T A L K AC SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS DORSOMEDIAL NUCLEUS MAMILLARY NUCLEI INFUNDIBULAR NUCLEUS SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS VENTROMEDIAL NUCLEUS PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu MAGNOCELLULAR NEURONS LOCATED IN THE SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI SYNTHESIZE OXYTOCIN, VASO-PRESSIN, NEUROPHYSINS AND TRANSPORT THEM DOWN TO THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY. UPON SPECIFIC STIMULI, THE HORMONES ARE RELEASED TO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. THEY CONTROL SMOOTH MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND ABSORPTION OF WATER IN KIDNEY DEMONSTRATION OF THE MAGNOCELLULAR NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM POSTERIOR PITUITARY HYPOTHALAMUS AC SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS Basics of Neurobiology: Diencephalon 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu ILLUSTRATION OF THE PARVICELLULAR NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM POSTERIOR PITUITARY HYPOTHALAMUS AC INFUNDIBULAR NUCLEUS PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS PERIVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY PITUITARY TROPH HORMONES TO ENDOCRINE ORGANS Portal circulation PARVICELLUAR NEURONS SECRET RELEASING (LHRH, CRH, TRH, GHRH) AND RELEASE-INHIBITING (SRIF) HOR- MONES INTO THE PORTAL CIRCULATI- ON. THE HORMONES CONTROL THE TROPH HORMONE OUTPUT OF DIFFE- RENT ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND CELLS. THE SYSTEM REGULATES REP- RODUCTION, STRESS, ADAPTATION, BODY GROWTH AND METABOLISM