8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY CRANIAL NERVES www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Agyidegek) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF CRANIAL NERVES THERE ARE TWELVE PAIRS OF CRANIAL NERVES WITH WIDESPREAD SENSORY, MOTOR AND AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS THE OLFACTORY (I) AND OPTIC (II) NERVES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE TELENCEPHA-LON, THE REST OF THE CRANIAL NERVES BELONGS TO THE BRAINSTEM CRANIAL NERVES WITH PRIMARY SENSORY FUNCTIONS ( I, II, VIII) MODULATE SMELL, VISION, BALANCE AND HEARING FOUR CRANIAL NERVES (IV, VI, XI, XII) SERVE SOMATOMOTOR FUNCTIONS ENABLING EYE MOVEMENTS, MOVEMENT OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE, SWALLOWING AND SPEECH FIVE CRANIAL NERVES ARE MIXED REGARDING THEIR FUNCTIONS. THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V) CONTROLS MANY SENSORY PROCESSES OF THE HEAD REGION AND REGULATES THE MUSCLES OF MASTICATION. THE OCULOMOTOR (III), FACIAL (VII), GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX) AND VAGUS (X) NERVES HAVE DOMINANT PARASYMPA-THETIC COMPONENTS THE VAGUS PROVIDES PARASYMPATHETIC CONTROL IN THE BODY INCLUDINGTHE REGULATION OF LUNGS AND THE HEART Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu NOMENCLATURE AND LOCATION OF CRANIAL NERVES 1. OLFACTORY NERVE 2. OPTIC NERVE 3. OCULOMOTOR NERVE 4. TROCHLEAR NERVE 5. TRIGEMINAL NERVE 6. ABDUCENT NERVE 7. FACIAL NERVE 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE 10. VAGUS NERVE 11. ACCESSORY NERVE 12. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE gross-cranial-nerves.jpg (113926 bytes) PONS M E D U L L A CEREBELLUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 10 11 9 Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu FUNCTIONS AND TESTING OF CRANIAL NERVES CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTION TESTING I olfaction with an odorous substance II vision vision chart vision chart III most eye muscles "follow the moving finger" IV superior oblique look down at the nose V facial sensation touch the face muscles of mastication clench the teeth VI lateral rectus look to the side VII facial expression smile, raise the eyebrows taste sugar or salt VIII hearing a tuning fork balance look for vertigo IX pharynx sensation gag reflex X muscles of larynx and pharynx, parasymp. check for hoarseness, open wide and say "AH" XI trapezius and sternocleidomastoid test shoulder raise or turning the head XII tongue muscles stick out the tongue CRANIAL NERVE FUNCTION TESTING Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves gross-cranial-nerves.jpg (113926 bytes) PONS M E D U L L A CEREBELLUM 4 5 6 7 8 12 10 9 11 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRANIAL NERVES SENSORY 1. Olfactory 2. Optic 8. Vestibulocochlear MIXED SENSORY AND MOTOR 5. Trigeminal 7. Facial 9.Glossopharyngeal 10.Vagus MOTOR 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 6. Abducens 11.Accessory 12.Hypoglossal PARASYMPATHETIC 3.Oculomotor 7. Facial 9.Glossopharyngeal 10.Vagus 1 2 3 Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu CRANIAL NERVE Trigeminal (V) Facial (VII) Cochlear (VIII) Vestibular (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Vagus (X) GANGLION Trigeminal (Gasser) Geniculate Cochlear (spiral) Vestibular (Scarpa’s) Sup.glossopharyngeal Inf. glossopharyngeal Superior vagal Inferior vagal (nodose) SENSORY GANGLIA OF CRANIAL NERVES FIBERS CARRYING SENSORY INFORMATION TO THE BRAIN STEM ARISE FORM SENSORY GANGLIA. THE VESTIBULAR AND COCHLEAR GANGLIA ARE COMPOSED OF BIPOLAR NEURONS, THE REST OF THE GANGLIA CONTAINS PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR CELLS. THE DESIGN IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE SENSORY SYSTEM OF THE SPINAL CORD Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu FUNCTIONS OF PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA BELONGING TO CRANIAL NERVES 1. CILIARY 2. PTERYGOPALATINE 3. SUBMANDIBULAR 4. OTIC 5. INTRAMURAL 1. OCULOMOTOR (III) 2. FACIAL (VII) 3 FACIAL (VII) 4. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX) 5. VAGUS (X) AUTONOMIC GANGLIA OF CRANIAL NERVES III, VII, IX AND X 1. CONSTRICTS PUPIL, LENS ACCOMMODATION 2. LACRIMATION, NASAL GLAND SECRETION 3. SALIVATION OF SUBMANDIBULAR AND SUBLINGUAL GLANDS 4. SALIVATION OF PAROTID GLAND 5. GLAND SECRETION, PERISTALSIS REGULATED FUNCTIONS Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu DEMONSTRATION OF THE AUTONOMIC FUNCTION OF THE OCULOMOTOR NERVE Figure 3-9. Overview of the visceral motor component. WESTPHAL-EDINGER NUCLEUS OCULOMOTOR NERVE PREGANGLIONIC NERVE FIBERS CILIARY GANGLION POSTGANGLIONIC NERVE FIBERS CONSTRICTOR PUPILLAE THE OCULOMOTOR NERVE CONTRIBUTES TO THE EFFERENT WING OF THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX. IN RESPONSE TO INTENSE ILLUMINATION OF THE EYE THE PUPILS UNDERGO CONSTRICTION Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu DEMONSTRATION OF THE SOMATOMOTOR FUNCTION OF THE FACIAL NERVE AFTER A LONG AND COMPLICATED COURSE, THE SOMATOMOTOR FACIAL FIBERS ARRIVE TO THE FACE REGION WHERE THEY INNERVATE THE MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION. CENTRAL OR PERIPHERAL DAMAGES OF THE SYSTEM RESULT IN CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS FACIAL MOTOR NUCLEUS IN PONS MOTOR OUTFLOW INNERVATION OF MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu DEMONSTRATION OF THE SENSORY AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE IN THE JAW JERK REFLEX TAPPING ON THE MANDIBLE STRETCHES THE MASSETER MUSCLE WHICH IS SENSED BY ITS MUS-CLE SPINDLE RECEPTORS. THE INFORMATION IS CONVEYED TO THE MIDBRAIN BY THE PERIPHE-RAL PROCESSES OF TRIGEMINAL SENSORY NEURONS. THE CENTRAL PROCESSES COMMUNICATE WITH TRIGEMINAL MOTONEURONS THAT INITIATE THE SHORTENING OF THE MUSCLE MA S S T E R MESENCEPHALIC SENSORY NUCLEUS OF TRIGEMINUS PONTINE MOTOR NUCLEUSOF TRIGEMINUS THE CIRCUITS OF THE MONOSYNAPTIC JAW JERK REFLEX Basics of Neurobiology: Cranial nerves 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu ILLUSTRATION OF THE SENSORY INNERVATION OF DIFFERENT VISCERA BY THE VAGUS NERVE AS IT IS DEPICTED IN THE FIGURE, THE VAGUS NERVE LEAVES THE NECK REGION TRAVERSING DOWNWARD TO THE THORAX AND THE ABDOMI-NAL CAVITY. IT COMMUNICATES WITH ABDO-MINAL ORGANS DOWN TO THE SPLENIC FLEXURE OF THE COLON. THE SENSORY NEURONS LOCATED IN THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR GANGLIA GATHER SENSORY INFORMATION FROM A WIDE SCALE OF ABDOMINAL ORGANS, THE LUNGS, THE HEART, THE PHARYNX AND THE LARYNX. THIS SENSORY INFORMATION IS PRIMARILY PROCESSED BY THE VISCERAL SENSORY NUCLEUS OF THE VAGUS, THE NUCLEUS OF THE SOLITARY TRACT.THIS PATHWAY IS CRUCIAL IN THE REGULATION OF FEEDING. THIS SYSTEM ALSO FORMS THE AFFE-RENT LIMB OF THE VISCERAL REFLEX OPERATING AT THE LEVEL OF THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL ORGANS