2011.08.05.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETERPAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és InfobionikaSzakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 2011.08.05.. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUSSYSTEM www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai Az idegrendszer szerveződése ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FIRST WEEK OF LIFE: FERTILIZATION, SEGMENTATION, MORULA, BLASTOCYST DIFFERENTIATION, IMPLANTATION SECOND WEEK OF LIFE: AMNION AND YOLK SACS, FORMATION OF EPIBLAST AND HYPOBLAST CELLS, BILAMINAR GERM DISC THIRD WEEK OF LIFE: GASTRULATION, MESODERM, TRILAMINAR GERM DISC,NOTOCHORDAL PROCESS, NEURAL PLATE FORMATION FOURTH WEEK OF LIFE: FORMATION OF NEURAL TUBE, NEUROPORES DEVELOPMENT OF NEURAL CREST PLACODES Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu NEURAL TUBE: FOREBRAIN, MIDBRAIN AND HIINDBRAIN SPINAL CORD CAVITIES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD NEURAL CREST: GIVES RISE TO SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC GANGLIA PLACODES: THICKENINGS OF THE ECTODERM IN THE HEAD REGION RESULTING IN NASAL, LENS AND OTIC PLACODES DERIVATIVES OF NEURAL TUBE, NEURAL CREST AND PLACODE MAIN CELLULAR CONSTITUENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM I. NEURONS II. GLIAL CELLS: FIBROUS ASTROCYTE PROTOPLASMIC ASTROCYTE OLIGODENDROCYTE MICROGLIA EPENDYMA Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) 1. BRAIN CEREBRUM BRAIN STEM CEREBRAL CORTEX WHITE MATTER BASAL GANGLIA TELENCEPHALON DIENCEPHALON THALAMUS EPITHALAMUS METATHALAMUS SUBTHALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS MESENCEPHALON PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA 2. SPINAL CORD NUCLEUS: CLUSTERING NEURONS IN THE CNS CEREBELLUM Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) STRUCTURAL UNITS CRANIAL NERVES: I-XII SPINAL NERVES: 31 PAIRS SENSORY GANGLIA AUTONOMIC (VEGETATIVE) GANGLIA FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF NERVES SOMATO-MOTOR SOMATO-SENSORY VISCERO-MOTOR VISCERO-SENSORY GANGLION: CLUSTERING NEURONS IN THE PNS Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu COMMON FEATURES OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD PROTECTED BY BONES: SKULL AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN INVESTING MEMBRANES: DURA MATER, ARACHNOID, PIA MATER SUBARACHNOID SPACE SURROUNDED BY A LIQUID COMPARTMENT: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) SPECIAL SHAPE AND SURFACE ANATOMY COMPOSED BY GRAY AND WHITE MATTERS CONTAIN CAVITIES INSIDE: BRAIN VENTRICLES, CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, CENTRAL CANAL ESTABLISH MULTIPLE CONNECTIONS WITH EACH OTHER COMMUNICATE WITH THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRAIN CEREBRAL CORTEX NEOCORTEX AND ALLOCORTEX LOBES: FRONTAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL, TEMPORAL, INSULAR CONVOLUTED GYRI FUNCTIONAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS HEMISPHERICDOMINANCE BASAL GANGLIA PARTS: CAUDATE AND LENTIFORM NUCLEI, CLAUSTRUM, AMYGDALA CONTRIBUTES TO THE CONTROL OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION: DYSKINESIA THALAMUS SUBCORTICAL, NUCLEAR COMPLEX RELAYING MOTOR, SENSORY AND LIMBIC INFORMATION TO THE CORTEX Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRAIN HYPOTHALAMUS NEUROSECRETORY CAPACITY CONTROLS THE PITUITARY-ENDOCRINE AXES AND AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS BRAIN STEM REGULATES FUNCTIONS OF CRANIAL NERVES III-XII EXERTS CONTROL OVER THE CRANIAL PART OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM HOSTS MONOAMINERGIC AND PEPTIDERGIC CELL GROUPS OF THE AROUSAL SYSTEM CONTAINS VITAL CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY CENTERS ENSURES OUTFLOW OF CSF TO THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE CEREBELLUM DERIVATIVE OF THE METENCEPHALON 2 HEMISPHERES VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM, SPINOCEREBELLUM, PONTOCEREBELLUM COORDINATES DURATION, EXTENT AND FORCE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu FEATURES OF THE SPINAL CORD COLUMNAR SHAPE WITH 2 ENLARGEMENTS SEGMENTED: 8 CERVICAL, 12 THORACIC, 5 LUMBAR, 5 SACRAL, 1-2 COCCYGEAL GRAY MATTER ORGANIZED IN COLUMNS WHITE MATTER DIVIDED INTO FUNICULI STRUCTURE OF THE SPINAL SEGMENT AND SPINAL NERVES: 1. SPINAL CORD SEGMENT 2. VENTRAL ROOT FIBERS (MOTOR FUNCTIONS) 3. DORSAL ROOT FIBERS+DORSAL ROOT GANGLION (SENSORY FUNCTIONS) 4. SPINAL NERVE 5. DORSAL RAMUS 6. VENTRAL RAMUS SPINAL REFLEXES SPINAL INJURIES Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE SOMATIC PART CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES CARRY SOMATOMOTOR AND SOMATOSENSORY FIBERS SOMATOMOTOR NERVES INNERVATE SKELETAL MUSCLES THE LOWER MOTONEURONS AND THE INNERVATED STRIATED MUSCLE FIBERS FORM MOTOR UNITS THAT EXECUTE THE ACTIVE MOVEMENTS THE COMPLEX UPPER MOTONEURON SYSTEM CONTROLS THE LOWER MOTONEURONS SOMATOSENSORYFIBERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SENSORY GANGLIA GANGLION CELLS HAVE PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL PROCESSES THE PERIPHERAL PROCESS COMMUNICATES WITH SPECIAL RECEPTORS THAT PICK UP STIMULI FROM THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS THE CENTRAL PROCESS FORWARDS THE INFORMATION TOWARD SENSORY CENTERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Basics of Neurobiology: Organization of the nervous system 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE VISCERAL PART THE ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE CONTROLLED BY THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IT HAS TWO WINGS: THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC PARTS ACTIONS OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM CONSERVE ENERGY FOR THE BODY THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM UTILIZES THE STORED ENERGY FOR EMERGENCY AND COUNTERACTS ACUTE CHALLENGES AFFECTING THE BODY PARASYMPATHETIC CENTERS ARE LOCATED IN THE BRAIN STEM AND THE CAUDAL, SACRAL PART OF THE SPINAL CORD SYMPATHETIC CENTERS ARE DISTRIBUTED IN THE THORACO-LUMBAR SEGMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD THE AUTONOMIC OUTFLOWS DO NOT INNERVATE DIRECTLY THE TARGET ORGANS, VEGETATIVE GANGLIONS ARE INTERPOSED THAT RELAY THE CENTRAL INFORMATION