8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and InfobionicsPrograms within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEISUNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realisedwith the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY NETWORKING OF CEREBELLUM www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Kisagy kapcsolatai) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC NETWORK CONNECTIONS AFFERENT FIBERS CARRY INFORMATION TO THE CEREBELLUM VIA MOSSY FIBERS AND CLIMBING FIBERS. MOSSY FIBERS TERMINATE ON GRANULE CELLS IN THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX CLIMBING FIBERS WIND AROUND THE DENDRITES OF PURKINJE CELLS THE EXCITATORY AFFERENTS ALSO GIVE COLLATERALS TO THE DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI THE CEREBELLAR MACHINERY IS COMPOSED OF PURKINJE AND GRANULE CELLS, AS PRINCIPAL NEURONS, AND INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS LIKE BASKET CELLS, GOLGI NEURONS AND STELLATE CELLS. THE CEREBELLUM IS ALSO RICH IN GLIACELLS. DURING DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX, THE RADIAL, BERGMANN GLIA HAS A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE THE CEREBELLARCORTEX CONVERTS THE EXCITATORY INFORMATION INTO INHIBITORY SIGNALS TRANSMITTED BY THE AXONS OF PURKINJE CELLS MAINLY TO DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI THE DEEP NUCLEI AND THE PURKINJE CELLS ARE COUPLED TO THE NEURONAL PACEMAKER ACTIVITY OF THE INFERIOR OLIVE NEURONS WHOSE AXONS TRANSMIT SYNCHRONOUS AND RHYTHMIC EXCITATORY SYNAPTIC INPUTS Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu DEPICTION OF CEREBELLAR NEURONS BY SILVER IMPREGNATION 1. THE MOLECULAR LAYER CONTAINS THE ARBORIZATION OF THE DENDRITIC TREES OF PURKINJE CELLS, BUNDLES OF PARALLEL FIBERS, CLIMBING FIBERS, CELL BODIES AND PROCESSES OF STELLATE, BASKET AND GOLGI CELLS AND ALSO GLIAL CELLS. THE DIVISION OF PRIMARY PURKINJE CELL DEND-RITES AND THE LONGITUDINAL COURSE OF PARALLEL FIBERS ARE APPARENT 2. THE CELL BODIES OF PURKINJE CELLS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE MAIN DENDRITIC SHAFT ARE VISIBLE. THE LARGE SIZE OF THE PURKINJE CELL BODIES IS OBVIOUS, ESPECIALLY IN COMPARI-SON WITH NEURONS OF THE MOLECULAR AND GRANULE CELL LAYERS. BASKET CELL AXONS TERMINATE AROUND THE BASE OF PURKINJE CELLS 3. IN THE MOLECULAR LAYER THE CARDINAL FEATURE IS THE ABUNDANCE OF GRANULE CELLS. MOSSY FIBERS, CLIMBING FIBERS, PURKINJE CELL AXONS PASS THROUGH THE LAYER. REGARDING SYNAPTIC COMMUNICATION TAKING PLACE IN THIS LAYER, MOSSY FIBERS, GOLGI CELL AXONS AND DENDRITES OF GRANULE CELLS ESTABLISH THE CHARACTERISTIC CEREBELLAR GLOMERULI 1 2 3 LINES SEPARATE THE THREE LAYERS OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX: 1. MOLECULAR LAYER 2. PURKINJE CELL LAYER 3. GRANULE CELL LAYER Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF THE CEREBELLAR MACHINERY PURKINJECELL DENDRITIC TREE PURKINJECELL AXON PURKINJE CELL PERIKARYON GRANULE CELL DENDRITE GRANULE CELL PERIKARYON GRANULE CELL AXON PARALLEL FIBER GOLGI CELL CLIMBING FIBER MOSSY FIBER BASKET CELL Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu NEURONAL INPUTS TO PURKINJE CELLS CLIMBING FIBERS ARISING FROM THE INFERIOR OLIVE OF THE MEDULLA WRAP AROUND THE DENDRITES OF THE PURKINJE CELL ESTABLISHING MULTIPLE SYNAPTIC CONTACTS PARALLEL FIBERS ARE AXONS OF GRANULE CELLS THAT SYNAPSE WITH THE SPINES OF PURKINJE CELL DENDRITES. A SINGLE PURKINJE NEURON COMMUNICATES WITH ABOUT SEVENTY THOUSAND PARALLEL FIBERS BASKETS CELLS LOCATED IN THE MOLECULAR LAYER INNERVATE PURKINJE CELLS BY FORMING A DENSE TERMINAL FIELD AT THE AXON HILLOCK THE AXONS OF PURKINJE CELLS LEAVE THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX PURKINJE CELL PARALLEL FIBERS CLIMBING FIBER BASKET CELL GRANULE CELLS Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu PARALLEL FIBERS FORM EN PASSANT TYPE SY-NAPSES WITH DENDRITIC SPINES OF PURKINJE CELLS (ENFRAMED IN BLUE). SYNONYM TERM: CROSS OVER SYNAPSE NEURONAL INPUTS TO GRANULE CELLS MOSSY FIBERS GOLGI CELL GRANULE CELL DENDRITE GRANULE CELL PERIKARYON GRANULE CELL AXON PARALLEL FIBERS PURKINJE CELL GOLGI CELL AXON GOLGI CELL DENDRITES MOSSY FIBERS COMMUNICATE WITH DEND-RITES OF GRANULE CELLS. THE AXO-DEND-RITIC SYNAPSES ARE CONTROLLED BY AX-ONS OF GOLGI NEURONS. THE COMPLEX SYNAPTIC STRUCTURE IS CALLED: CEREBEL-LAR GLOMERULUS (ENFRAMED IN RED) MOSSY FIBERS GOLGI CELL AXON Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu CEREBELLAR GLOMERULUS A LARGE AXON TERMINAL (MF) BELONGING TO A MOSSY FIBER IS HIGHLIGHTED IN GREEN COLOR. ITS SURFACE IS COVERED BY MULTIPLE DENDRITES (AS-TERISKS) OF GRANULE CELLS. SOME OF THE DENDRITES RECEIVING ASYMMETRIC SYNAPSES ARE HIGHLIGHTED IN ORANGE COLOR. THE ENCIRCLED REGION SHOWS TWO AXON TERMINALS IN COMMUNICATION WITH A GRANULE CELL DEND-RITE MF Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu THE NEURONAL CIRCUIT OF THE CEREBELLUM MOSSY FIBERS GOLGI CELL PARALLEL FIBERS PURKINJE CELL GOLGI CELL AXON GOLGI CELL DENDRITE CLIMBING FIBER GRANULE CELL BASKET CELL I N P U T PURKINJE CELL AXONS O U T P U T Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu COLLATERAL INHIBITION EXCITATION INHIBITION INHIBITION MOLECULAR LAYER PURKINJE CELL LAYER GRANULE CELL LAYER WHITE MATTER ACTIVATED CEREBELLAR CORTICAL REGIONS ARE SURROUNDED BY INHIBITED ZONES. THE BASKETS CELLS GENERATE THE COLLATERAL INHIBITION Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum PARALLEL CONTACT CLIMBING FIBER-PURKINJE CELL DENDRITE CROSSOVER SYNAPSE PARALLEL FIBER-PURKINJE CELL DENDRITE GLOMERULARSYNAPSE MOSSY FIBER-GRANULECELL DENDRITE-GOLGI CELL AXON BASKET LIKESYNAPSE BASKET CELL AXON-PURKINJE CELLBODY 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu TYPES OF SYNAPSES IN THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS + - + + - - - + CEREBELLAR CORTEX DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEUS OUTPUT Basics of Neurobiology: Networking of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 13 www.itk.ppke.hu EXTRINSIC CONNECTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM TR. SPINOCEREBELLARIS ANTEROR TR. SPINOCEREBELLARIS POSTERIOR TR. OLIVOCEREBELLARIS TR. VESTIBULOCEREBELLARIS TR. PONTOCEREBELLARIS TR. RETICULOCEREBELLARIS CEREBELLO-RUBRO-THALAMO-CORTICAL TRACT AFFERENTPATHWAYS EFFERENT PATHWAY Untitled-1 copy SKIN AND MUSCLE RECEPTORS