8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY STRUCTURE OF CEREBELLUM www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Kisagy szerkezete) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CEREBELLUM THE CEREBELLUM CONSISTS OF THREE BASIC CONSTITUENTS: CEREBELLAR CORTEX, THE MEDULLARY SUBSTANCE AND THE DEEP, INTRINSIC NUCLEI STRUCTURALLY THESE COMPONENTS BUILD UP THE TWO SYMMETRICAL HEMISPHERES AND THE VERMIS BEING WEDGED BETWEEN THEM CEREBELLAR FISSURES DIVIDE THE CEREBELLUM INTOLOBES (ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR AND FLOCCULO-NODULAR) THAT CONTAIN FURTHER SUBUNITS (LOBULES I-X). THE DIVISION PERTAINSTOBOTH THE HEMISPHERES AND THE VERMIS PHYLOGENETICALLY IT ALSO HAS THREE PARTS: 1. ARCHICEREBELLUM. THIS ANCIENT PART CONTAINS THE FLOCCULONODULAR SYSTEM. IT IS RELATED TO THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM AND CONCERNED WITH EQUILIBRIUM. FUCTINONALLLY, IT IS THE VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM 2. PALEOCEREBELLUM. IT CONSISTS OF THE ANTERIOR PORTIONS OF THE HEMISPHERES AND MOST OF THE VERMIS. IT IS LINKED TO SPINAL CORD,ALSO CALLED AS SPINOCEREBELLUM 3. NEOCEREBELLUM. THE REMAINDER OF THE CEREBELLUM LINKED TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. ITS SYNONYM IS CEREBRO-CEREBELLUM Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CEREBELLUM THE CEREBELLUM IS HIGHLY INTERCONNECTED WITH THE REST OF THE NEURO-AXIS. THE INCOMING AND OUTGOING PROJECTIONS ARE ORGANIZED INTO THREE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES CONNECTING THE CEREBELLUM TO THE MEDULLA, THE PONS AND THE MESENCEPHALON ALTHOUGH THE CEREBELLUM RECEIVES A LARGE QUANTITY OF SENSORY INFOR-MATION, IT IS NOT CONCERNED WITH CONSCIOUS PERCEPTION. THE STIMULI FROM THE RECEPTORS ARE IMPORTANT REGULATORS OF CEREBELLAR MECHA-NISMS CONTROLLING THE AUTOMATIC COORDINATION OF SOMATIC MOVEMENT, MUSCLE TONE AND MAINTENANCE OF EQUILIBRIUM THE PROCESSED INFORMATION FROM THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX IS TRANSMITTED TO THE DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI THE MAIN RELAY STRUCTURES THAT PROJECT TO DISTINCT BRAINS STEM AND DIENCEPHALIC NUCLEI THE CEREBELLUM DEVELOPS FROM THE RHOMBIC LIP MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM INCLUDE THE COORDINATION OF SKILLED VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS, THE REGULATION OF THE MUSCLE TONE AND THE CONTROL OF EQUILIBRIUM Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu UPPER VIEW OF THE CEREBELLUM THE SCHEMATIC DRAWING SHOWS THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LOBES SEPARATED BY THE PRIMARY FISSURE. THE CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE IS ENFRAMED ANATOMICAL DRAWING DEPICTING THE DORSAL SURFACE OF THE HUMAN CEREBELLUM VERMIS ANTERIOR LOBE PRIMARY FISSURE POSTERIOR LOBE Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu THE VENTRAL ASPECT OF THE CEREBELLUM F ANATOMICAL DRAWING DEPICTING THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE HUMAN CEREBELLUM NODULE FLOCCULUS UVULA PYRAMID TONSIL POSTERIOR LOBE THE SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE CEREBELLUM. THE POSTERIOR LOBE AND THE COMPONENTS OF THE NODULO-FLOCCULAR LOBE ARE DEPICTED. SOME CLINICALLY RELEVANT PARTS OF THE HEMISPHERIUM(TONSIL) AND THE VERMIS (NODULE, UVULA, PYRAMID) ARE HIGHLIGHTED Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu THE LAMINA ALBA OF THE WHITE MATTER AND THE SURROUNDING GREY MATTER CREATE THE FOLIUM (ENFRAMED) A MEDIO-LATERAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE CEREBELLUM IN SCHEME HEMISPHERIUM VERMIS ROOF OF THE 4TH VENTRICLE MEDIAN-SAGITTAL SECTION THROUGH THE VERMIS SHOWS THE ARBOR VITAE, THE CHARACTERISTIC IMAGE OF THE STRUCTURE IN THIS PARTICULAR PLANE. THE BRANCHING WHITE MATTER SENDS THIN PROJECTIONS INTO THE GREY MATTER ESTABLISHING THE CEREBELLAR FOLIA A R B O R V I T A E SAGITTALVIEW OF THE CEREBELLUM Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu DEEP NUCLEI OF THE CEREBELLUM TECTUM HEMISPHERIUM DENTATE NUCLEUS EMBOLIFORM NUCLEUS GLOBOSE NUCLEUS FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS MEDULLA IN THE CEREBELLUM THE GRAY MATTER FORMS THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX AND ALSO THE INTRINSIC NUCLEI OF THE CEREBELLUM THAT ARE DEEPLY LOCA-TED AND EMBEDDED IN THE WHITE MATTER. IN A MEDIO-LATERAL SEQU-ENCE, THE COMPLEX OF NUCLEI CON-SISTSOF THE FASTIGIAL NUCLEUS, THE GLOBOSE NUCLEUS, THE EMBOLIFORM NUCLEUS AND THE DENTATE NUCLEUS. THE INCOMING AFFERENT AXONS GIVE EXCITATORY COLLATERALS TO THE DEEP NUCLEI. THEY RECEIVE THE HEAVIEST INNERVATION FROM THE PURKINJE CELLS. THE CORTICAL INPUT TO THE DEEP NUCLEI IS INHIBITORY, UTILIZING GABA FOR NEUROTRANSMISSION Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu PEDUNCLES OF THE CEREBELLUM TECTUM SUPERIOR PEDUNCLE MIDDLE PEDUNCLE INFERIOR PEDUNCLE MEDULLA 4THVENTRICLE HEMISPHERIUM THE CEREBELLUM IS TIGHTLY BOUND TO THE BRAIN STEM VIA THE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES. THERE ARE THERE PAIRS OF THEM. THE SUPERIOR PEDUNCLE IS MAINLY COMPOSED OF EFFERENT FIBERS PROJECTING TO THE THALAMUS AND THE RED NUCLEUS OF THE MIDBRAIN. THE MIDDLE PEDUNCLE IS THE THICKEST. IT CONNECTS THE CEREBELLUM TO THE PONS. IT CARRIES AXONS FROM THE CONTRALATERAL PONTINE NUCLEI THAT MAINLY RECEIVE CEREBRAL CORTICAL AFFERENTS. THE INFERIOR PEDUNCLE ESTABLISHES COMMUNICATION WITH THE SPINAL CORD AND STRUCTURES LOCATED INTHE CAUDAL PART OF THE BRAINSTEM Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu HISTOLOGY OF THE CEREBELLUM THE LOW POWER VIEW (A) SHOWS THE CHARACTERISTIC THREE LAYERS OF THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX: THE MOLECULAR, PURKINJE AND GRANULE CELL LAYERS. THE LAMINA ALBA PROJECTION OF THE WHITE MATTER IS IN THE CENTER OF THE CEREBELLAR FOLIUM WHICH IS ENFRAMED IN AAND SHOWN AT HIGHER POWER IN B MOLECULAR LAYER PURKINJE CELL LAYER GRANULE CELL LAYER LAMINA ALBA WHITE MATTER A B Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu DETAIL FROM A FOLIUM AT HIGHER POWER MOLECULAR PURKINJE GRANULAR WHITE M. THE MOLECULAR LAYER IS POOR IN CELLS, BUT DENSELY INNERVATEDBY AXON BUNDLES. THE PRUKINJE LAYER CONTAINS THE CELL BODIES OF PURKINJE CELLS.TWO OF THEM ARE ENCIRCLED. THE THICK, GRANULAR LAYER IS PACKED BY SMALL SIZED NEURONS. THE INDIVIDUAL LAYERS ARE SEPARATED BY YELLOW LINES Basics of Neurobiology: Structure of cerebellum 8/8/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu FEATURES OF PURKINJE AND GRANULES CELLS A. HEMATOXYLIN-EOSIN STAINED SPECIMEN. B, CAND D ARE SILVER IMPREGNATED CELLS A B C D BAND C. PURKINJE CELLS HAVE EXTENSIVELY ARBORIZING DENDRITIC TREES. THE DEND- RITES CARRY SPINES. THE WHOLE DENDRITIC DOMAIN IS ORGANIZED IN ONE PLANE. THE AXONS OF PURKINJE CELLS LEAVE THE CELL BODIES OPPOSITE TO THE ORIGIN OF THE MAIN DENDRITIC TRUNK. D. GRANULE CELLS ARE SMALL IN SIZE. THEY POSSES 3-4 SHORT DENDRITES. THEIR AXONS ARE SENT TO THE MOLECULAR LAYER WHERE THEY COMMU- NICATEWITH DENDRITES OF PURKINJE CELLS, BASKET CELLS AND GOLGI NEURONS. THEY FORM GLOMERULAR SYNAPSES WITH INCOMING AFFERENTS (MOSSY FIBERS)