8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY BRAINSTEM www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Agytörzs) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRAIN STEM STRUCTURALLY, IT CONSISTS OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA, THE PONS ANDTHE MESENCEPHALON ITS CONSTITUENTS DEVELOP FROM THE HINDBRAIN. ALTHOUGH THE CEREBELLUM ALSO DERIVES FROM THE RHOMBENCEPHALON, FROM DIDACTIC POINT OF VIEW MOST TEXTBOOKS DESCRIBE IT SEPARATELY ITS INNER CAVITY IS THE 4TH CEREBRAL VENTRICLE IMPORTANT SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC CENTERS ARE LOCATED IN IT THE PROCESSING CENTERS OF MOST CRANIAL NERVES ARE WITHIN THE BRAIN STEM A FUNCTIONALLY SIGNIFICANT SYSTEM, THE RETICULAR FORMATION CONTROLLING VITAL RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY MECHANISMS AND AROUSAL, IS ALSO PART OF THE BRAIN STEM IT IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF MONOAMINE TRANSMITTERS MAJOR MOTOR AND SENSORY PROJECTIONS PASS THROUGH THE BRAIN STEM SUBCORTICAL ACOUSTIC AND VESTIBULAR CENTERS ARE REPRESENTED IN THE BRAIN STEM Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu PARCELLATION OF THE BRAINSTEM A PART OF THE HUMAN BRAIN IS SHOWN IN A MID-SAGITTAL SECTION THAT REVEALS THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE BRAIN STEM. IT WAS SEPARATED FROM THE SPINAL CORD. NOTE THE CONTINUITY OF THE BRAIN STEM WITH THE DIEN-CEPHALON. THE MEDULLA, THE PONS AND THE CEREBELLUM SURROUND THE 4THCEREBRAL VENTRICLE(GREEN STAR). WITHIN THE MESENCEPHALON, THE RELA-TIVELY NARROW CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT ( RED ARROW) IS ALSO VISIBLE DIENCEPHALON MESENCEPHALON PONS MEDULLA CEREBELLUM Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu STRUCTURES IN THE VICINITY OF BRAIN STEM ON THE VENTRAL SIDE stemventnew2 TELENCEPHALON OPTIC NERVE HYPOTHALAMUS CUS CEREBRI CEREBELLUM BRACHIUM PONTIS PONS PYRAMID INFERIOR OLIVE Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu THE ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE BASE OF THE BRAIN INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY BASILAR ARTERY POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY VERTEBRAL ARTERY THE VERTEBRALAND INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES SUPPLY THE BRAIN. THE MAIN BRANCHES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE BRAIN. THE SYSTEMS ARE INTERCONNECTED VIA THE POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERIES. THE ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERIES ARE ALSO INTERCONNECTED BY THE ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY. THE ESTABLISHED LOOP IS CALLED, THE ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu DORSO-LATERAL VIEW OF THE HUMAN BRAIN STEM F THE MIDBRAIN, THE PONSAND THE MEDULLA ARE DEPICTED AND COLOR CODED IN THE FIGURE. THE CEREBELLUM HAS BEEN REMOVED. THE BASE OF THE 4THVENTRICLE, THE RHOM-BOID FOSSA,IS VISIBLE. SEVE-RAL CRANIAL NERVES (ARROWS) EXITING THE BRAIN STEM ARE ALSO APPARENT Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu THALAMUS SUPERIOR COLLICULUS INFERIOR COLLICULUS 4THCRANIAL NERVE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES 4THVENTRICLE GRACILE NUCLEUS CUNEATE NUCLEUS DORSAL LANDMARKS OF THE BRAIN STEM Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu F PYRAMID RubberBrainstemFront CRUS CEREBRI OCULOMOTOR NERVE (III) TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V) CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES PONS FACIAL (VII) AND STATO-ACOUSTIC (VIII) NERVES ABDUCENT NERVE (VI) GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (IX) VAGAL NERVE(X) ACCESSORY NERVE (XI) INFERIOR OLIVE HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII) BRAIN STEM STRUCTURES ON THE VENTRAL SURFACE Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu THE BOUNDARIES OF THE IV THVENTRICLE THE ROOF THE 4THVENTRICLE IS COMPOSED OFTHE SUPERIOR MEDULLARY VELUM, THE INFERIOR MEDULLARY VELUM AND THE CHOROID PLEXUS OF THE VENTRICLE. THE FLOOR HAS A RHOMBOID SHAPE. ITS UPPER PART IS FORMED BY THE PONS, THE LOWER HALF IS MADE BY THE OPEN PART OF THE MEDULLA. THE DASHED LINE DEMARCATES THE CLOSED AND OPEN SEGMENTS OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEAVES THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM THROUGH OPENINGS OF THE 4THVENTRICLE Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu THE RHOMBOID FOSSA AND ITS STRUCTURES stempostnew3 MEDIALEMINENCE FACIAL COLLICULUS LOCUS CERULEUS MEDULLARYSTRIAE D.COCHLEAR NUCLEUS VESTIBULAR AREA HYPOGLOSSAL TRIGONE VAGALTRIGONE PONS MEDULLA Basics of Neurobiology: Brain stem 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 12 www.itk.ppke.hu COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE INTRA-AND EXTRACEREBRAL LIQUOR COMPARTMENTS A.MOULD OF THE CEREBRAL VENTRICLES. I. AND II. LATERAL VENTRICLES. III. THIRD VENTRICLE. CA. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT. IV. FOURTH VENTRICLE. B.LIQUOR PRODUCED BY THE CHOROID PLEXUS IN THE LATERAL, THIRD AND FOURTH CEREBRAL VENTRICLES GETS OUT OF THE INTRACEREBRAL COMPARTMENT TOTHE EXTERNAL, SUBARACHNOID SPACE VIA THE MAGENDIEAND LUSCHKAFORAMINA DEPIC- TED IN FIGURE B B A I II III IV CA 4THVENTRICLE