8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 1 Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** Consortium leader PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY Consortium members SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY, DIALOG CAMPUS PUBLISHER The Project has been realised with the support of the European Union and has been co-financed by the European Social Fund *** **Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex fejlesztése konzorciumi keretben ***A projekt az Európai Unió támogatásával, az Európai Szociális Alap társfinanszírozásával valósul meg. PETER PAZMANY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY sote_logo.jpg dk_fejlec.gif INFOBLOKK 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 2 Peter Pazmany Catholic University Faculty of Information Technology BASICS OF NEUROBIOLOGY FLEXOR AND AUTONOMIC REFLEXES www.itk.ppke.hu Neurobiológia alapjai (Flexor és vegetatív reflexek) ZSOLT LIPOSITS Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 3 www.itk.ppke.hu THE FLEXOR REFLEX THE REFLEX IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPERATION OF THE LIMBS IT IS A PROTECTIVE REFLEX. IN RESPONSE TO PAINFUL STIMULI THE LIMB IS WITHDRAWN ANATOMICALLY THE WITHDRAWAL MEANS THE FLEXURE OF THE LIMB, IN OTHER WORDS SHORTENING THE SHORTENING OF THE LIMB ON ONE SIDE GENERALLY EVOKES A COMPENSA-TORY MECHANISM THAT EXTENDS THE LIMB ON THE OTHER SIDE, THEREFORE, THE REFLEX IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS FLEXOR-CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX A FREQUENTLY USED SYNONYM IS THE NOCICEPTIVE REFLEX. THE TERM EXPRESSES THE NOXIOUS NATURE OF THE STIMULUS IT IS A POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEX ARC THAT MODIFIES BOTH THE IPSI-AND THE CONTRALATERALLIMBS Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 4 www.itk.ppke.hu SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE FLEXOR CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX STIMULUS. CRUDE AND DANGEROUS STIMULI THAT CAN DESTROY THE INTEGRITY OF THE AFFECTED TISSUES OF THE LIMB. NOXIOUS PAIN AND THERMAL STIMULI ARE THE TRIGGERS RECEPTOR.HEAT AND PAIN RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN AFFERENT PATH. THIN, MYELINATED AND UNMYELEINATED AXONS OF PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR CELLS OF SPINAL GANGLIA CENTER. SPINAL CORD, DORSAL AND VENTRAL HORNS, INVOLVEMENT OF INTERNEURONS EFFERENT PATH. AXONS OF ALPHA MOTONEURONS INNERVATING FLEXOR MUSC-LES OF THE LIMB IPSILATERALLY AND AXON PROJECTIONS FROM CONTRALATE-RALLY LOCATED MOTONEURONS INNERVATING EXTENSORS OF THE LIMB ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE TO THE STIMULUS EFFECTOR STRUCTURE. EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBERS OF THE INVOLVED MUSCLES ACTIONS. IPSILATERAL FLEXION AND CONTRALATERAL EXTENSION Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 5 www.itk.ppke.hu A PAINFUL STIMULUS CAUSES THE FLEXION OF THE LIMB, IT IS AN ESCAPE MECHANISM FROM THE TISSUE DAMAGING STIMULUS (HEAT, PAIN). NOTE THE POLYSYNAPTIC CHARACTER A...D C SENSORY FIBERS A. SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE WITHDRAWAL REFLEX NOXIOUS STIMULUS LEG FLEXORS SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT INTERNEURON ALPHA SOMATOMOTOR NEURON SENSORY GANGLION CELL Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 6 www.itk.ppke.hu DEMONSTRATION OF THE FLEXOR AND CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX APPROXIMATELY 0.2-0.5 SECOND AFTER THE ACTION OF THE NOXIOUS STIMULUS, THE OPPOSITE LIMB EXTENDS. THIS EXTENSOR MECHANISMS PUSHES AWAY THE BODY FROM THE DANGEROUS OBJECT CAUSING THE STIMULUS A...D C SENSORY FIBERS A. NOXIOUS STIMULUS LEG FLEXORS SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT SENSORY GANGLION CELL LEG EXTENSORS A. LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 7 www.itk.ppke.hu THE AUTONOMIC REFLEX THE OPERATION OF THE VISCERAL ORGANS IS MODULATED BY THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ACCORDINGLY, SENSORY VISCERAL AFFERENTS CONVEY INFORMATION TO THE CENTERS OF THE CNS FROM RECEPTORS DISTRIBUTED IN THE ORGANS THE BRAIN STEM AND THE SPINAL CORD REGULATE THE MOTOR ACTIVITY (SMOOTH OR CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTION) OF THE ORGANS VIA VISCERO-MOTOR EFFERENTS THE VISCEROMOTOR INNERVATION IS INDIRECT AND CONSISTS OF TWO UNITS: 1. PREGANGLIONIC MOTOR NEURONS RESIDING IN THE CNS 2. GANGLIONIC MOTOR NEURONS DISTRIBUTED AT THE PERIPHERY. THEY TRANSMIT CENTRAL INFORMATION TO TARGET ORGANS THE ORGANS RECEIVE A DUAL VISCEROMOTOR INNERVATION BY GETTING SUPPLY FROM BOTH SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC SOURCES THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM UTILIZES THE AUTONOMIC REFLEX ARC FOREXECUTING MODULATORY ACTIONS IN RESPONSE TO INCOMING VISCERAL STIMULI (PAIN, HEAT, PRESSURE) Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 8 www.itk.ppke.hu SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AUTONOMIC REFLEX STIMULUS. CHANGE IN PRESSURE, ALTERATION OF CHEMICAL MILIEU, INFLAMMATION RELATED PAIN AND HEAT, DISTENSION OF LUMINAL VISCERA RECEPTOR.BARORECEPTOR, CHEMORECEPTOR, MECHANORECEPTOR, HEAT RECEPTOR AFFERENT PATH. PROCESSES OF PSEUDOUNIPOLARCELLS OF SPINAL GANGLIA CENTER. SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN STEM EFFERENT PATH. 1. PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS PROJECTING FROM THE INTERMEDIOLATERAL NUCLEUS TO THE PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. 2. PROCESSES OF VISCERAL GANGLION CELLS PROJECTING TO THE ORGANS EFFECTOR STRUCTURE. CARDIAC MUSCLE (FOR HEART) AND SMOOTH MUSCLE (FOR OTHER ORGANS) ACTIONS. MODULATION OF VISCERAL FUNCTIONS (PACEMAKER ACTIVITY IN HEART, LUMEN OF BLOOD VESSELS, SMOOTH MUSCLES OF BRONCHI, THE SECRETION OF GLANDS, PERISTALTIC MOVEMENT OF THE GI TRACT) Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 9 www.itk.ppke.hu STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC CENTER (CRANIAL) PARASYMPATHETIC CENTER (SACRAL) SYMPATHETIC CENTER PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA (SYMPATHETIC) PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA (SYMPATHETIC) PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA (FOR ORGANS OF HEAD) VISCERAL ORGANS NOTE, THAT PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA OF THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL ORGANS ARE EMBEDDED INTO THE WALL OF THE VISCERA Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 10 www.itk.ppke.hu THE SCHEME OF VISCERAL AND PARIETAL SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION F INTESTINE PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLION VISCERAL AFFERENT PARIETAL AFFERENT SUDOMOTOR, PILOARRECTOR, VASOMOTOR PREGANGLIONIC FIBER POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER Basics of Neurobiology: Flexor and autonomic reflexes 8/5/2011. TÁMOP –4.1.2-08/2/A/KMR-2009-0006 11 www.itk.ppke.hu INFORMATION FLOW IN VISCERAL AND PARIETAL SYMPATHETIC REFLEX ARCS VISCERAL SENSORY STIMULUS GENERATED IN THE ORGAN ---PRIMARY VISCERAL AFFERENTS CARRY THE INFORMATION TO THE DORSAL HORN ---TRANSFER OF INFORMATION TO INTERNEURONS ---TRANSFER OF INPUT TO VISCERAL SOMATOMOTOR NEURONS ---PREGANGLIONIC EFFERENT PROJECTION TO THE PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION ---INNERVATION OF GANGLIONIC CELLS ---PROJECTION OF GANGLION NEURONS TO EXECUTIVE STRUCTURE (SMOOTH MUSCLE) ---CHANGE IN CONTRACTION STATE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE PARIETAL SENSORY STIMULUS TO THE SKIN ---PRIMARY PARIETAL AFFERENTS OF DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CELLS CONVEY INFORMATION TO THE POSTERIOR HORN ---INFORMATION TRANSFER TO INTERNEURONS ---TRANSFER OF INPUT TO PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS OF THE LATERAL HORN ---PREGANGLIONIC EFFERENTS TO CELLS OF THE PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLION ---INFORMATION TRANSFERTO PARAVERTEBRAL NEURONS ---POSTGANGLIONIC AFFERENTS TO BLOODS VESSELS, HAIRAND SWEAT (SUDOR) GLANDS OF THE SKIN